Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 61(3), 131142. The International Association of Counseling Services, Inc., 2008 [cited 2021 Feb 23]. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 26(3), 329347. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1916, Primack, B. Teaching university students active coping strategies, such as positive reframing and how to access emotional support, could help them cope with adverse situations. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives. The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. Mental Health Status and Coping among Portuguese Higher Education Students in the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic. P = Positive Emotion, Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered Psychological capital and well-being. Investigating Mental Health of US College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. The majority of the participants were full time students (82%, n = 498) compared to part-time students (18%, n = 111). Can I Really Be Burnt Out Because Of Working From Home? Predicting PERMA Elements From Psychological Capital Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19. Behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997) were found to be the dominant avoidant coping strategies that were adopted by students, which led to a significant decrease in well-being during the pandemic. Data were collected online in May and June 2020 using Qualtrics after obtaining approval from the IRBs of our respective universities. Similarly, religion also tended to be an adaptive coping strategy during the pandemic. Justine K. James, PhD, is an assistant professor at University College in Kerala, India. The connection between our physical body and our mental health is important and may be something worth exploring when thinking about staying mentally healthy. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered several social and psychological consequences, such as anxiety, psychological distress, and burnout. Depression is a state of low mood that can lead to several negative outcomes on thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and even physical state. Aim of the Study and Research Questions https://www.chronicle.com/article/distanced-learning, Huckins, J. F., DaSilva, A. W., Wang, W., Hedlund, E., Rogers, C., Nepal, S. K., Wu, J., Obuchi, M., Murphy, E. I., de la Fuente, J., Lahortiga-Ramos, F., Laspra-Solis, C., Maestro-Martin, C., Alustiza, I., Auba, E., & Martin-Lanas, R. (2020). Computer Human Behavior, 69, 19. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpr051, Dello Russo, S., & Stoykova, P. (2015). Students use of religious coping, Fig 7. Students substance use (mean) and, Fig 8. Michaels, P. J., Corrigan, P. W., Kanodia, N., Buchholz, B., & Abelson, S. (2015). It is this balance of positive and negative emotions that contributes to life satisfaction (Diener & Larsen, 1993), and our findings support the notion that fostering particular positive psychological states (PsyCap), as well as engaging in related coping strategies, promotes well-being in the context of this large-scale crisis. Data Analysis Procedure The Career Development International, 16(1), 6081. Psychological Capital Questionnaire Short Version (PCQ-12) Your classmates have probably scattered. COVID-19 and school closures impacted many children and adolescents' mental health and well-being. The coronavirus pandemic is pushing America into a mental health crisis. Christine Suniti Bhat, PhD, LPC, LSC (OH), is a professor and the interim director of the George E. Hill Center for Counseling & Research at Ohio University. Gallagher RP. The effect size of the change in well-being for PERMA elements was 38%, p2 = .380, a high effect size (Cohen, 1988). Therefore, this Web-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among university students from You may have returned home, where youre missing friends and finding studying difficult. Get enough sleep. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(2), 221230. Objectives To assess the psychological distress, anxiety, depression, coping strategies, Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). After cleaning the data, 197 surveys were excluded from the data analyses. Consider recreating important events once its safe. Thus, from a pedagogical and psychological point of view, it is pertinent to examine the students' strategies of coping with stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Think about how you can honor what youve achieved. The predictive role of hope was negligible before COVID-19. E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, Structural equation modeling was used to examine whether coping strategies mediate PsyCaps effect on well-being. Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20070, Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1984). The main coping methods used were watching movies and listening to music (81%), playing sports (80%), praying (75%), rigorously applying social distancing measures Learn more about whole health and what you can do to improve your overall wellness including preparing for your wellness during the COVID-19 outbreak. Specifically, we found coping through self-blame playing a mediating role between PERMA factors and two of the HERO dimensionsresilience and hope. With that in mind, it is important to detect individuals at risk of developing depressive symptoms early and identify protective factors. Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). The coping strategy of planning (mean) among students in individual program years (F, Fig 5. The PERMA-Profiler (Butler & Kern, 2016) is a 23-item self-report measure that assesses the level of well-being across five well-being domains (i.e., positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment) and additional subscales that measure negative emotion, loneliness, and physical health. These include approaches to building positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2009); coping strategies, which were found in this study to boost well-being (Jardin et al., 2018; Lyubomirsky, 2008); and effective goal pursuits (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017). Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21(2), 191199. Indirect Effect of Psychological Capital on PERMA Factors Through Coping Strategies (Mediators), Note. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526, Carmona-Halty, M., Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2019). Frequent breaks can help you re-engage in your work. Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach. Indirect effects describing pathways from PsyCap factors to PERMA factors through identified coping strategies were tested for mediating roles. doi: 10.2196/22817. There are many ways to categorize coping responses (e.g., engagement coping and disengagement coping, problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping, accommodative coping and meaning-focused coping, proactive coping). Students use of religious coping (mean) and sources of expected support during the, Fig 8. Americans stress, worry and anger intensified in 2018. The role of psychological capital in academic adjustment among university students. A single overall flourishing score provides a global indication of well-being, and at the same time, the domain-specific PERMA scores provide meaningful and practical benefits with regard to the possibility of targeted interventions. Current Psychology, 36(4), 875887. Results of a repeated-measures ANOVA presented in Figure 1 indicate that mean scores of PERMA decreased significantly during COVID-19: = .620; F (5,604) = 73.99, p < .001. Relationship of Demographic Factors, Psychological Capital, and Coping Strategies With Change in PERMA Elements, Note. Best Colleges (April 20, 2020). National Survey of Counseling Center Directors 2008 [Internet]. 2022 Nov 1;19(21):14282. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114282. In this study, we explored these questions with a sample of graduate and The coping strategy of behavioral, Fig 6. Do you have other coping strategies that have helped you reduce stress related to COVID-19? Positivity: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. As expected, negative emotion and loneliness significantly increased during the period of COVID-19, impacting overall well-being in an adverse manner. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111107810, DeWitz, S. J., Woolsey, M. L., & Walsh, W. B. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. Experimentally analyzing the impact of leader positivity on follower positivity and performance. Prior to COVID-19, self-efficacy and optimism were the two major psychological resources that predicted university student well-being. I find Docmerit to be authentic, easy to use and a community with quality notes and study tips. Epub 2021 May 12. The findings of this study should be considered in light of certain limitations. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1546182, Wan, W. (2020). Coping strategies with insignificant mediating role are not included in the table. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. Students at a United States university (N = 769) completed an online survey during fall 2020 and spring 2021 semesters. Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Avey, J. But too much news especially social media can add to your anxiety. Web1. (2009). Peter C. Mather, PhD, is a professor and department chair at Ohio University. Positive expectancies and mental health: Identifying the unique contributions of hope and optimism. Resilience, the ability to recover from setbacks when pathways are blocked (Masten, 2001), had a predictive role on positive emotion and accomplishment in this study. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most Try mindfulness apps. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593, Tansey, T. N., Smedema, S., Umucu, E., Iwanaga, K., Wu, J.-R., Cardoso, E. D. S., & Strauser, D. (2018). Random House. There was however an interesting shift in the predictive role of PsyCap dimensions before and after the onset of COVID-19. Below are some resources that allow for physically distant connecting. Fear and worrying about the virus can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions in adults and children. WebMaintain adequate nutrition by eating three healthy meals per day; now is a great time to try new recipes! A structural equation model of achievement emotions, coping strategies and engagement-burnout in undergraduate students: A possible underlying mechanism in facets of perfectionism. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Umucu, E., Wu, J.-R., Sanchez, J., Brooks, J. M., Chiu, C.-Y., Tu, W.-M., & Chan, F. (2020). Limitations and Directions for Future Research. Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). BackgroundThe COVID-19 crisis has introduced a variety of stressors, while simultaneously decreasing the availability of strategies to cope with stress. B., & Everette James, A. Changes in the PERMA Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19. Coping strategies were evaluated using the Brief COPE questionnaire (Carver, 1997), which is a short form (28 items) of the original COPE inventory (Carver et al., 1989). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.08.008. Alsolais A, Alquwez N, Alotaibi KA, Alqarni AS, Almalki M, Alsolami F, Almazan J, Cruz JP. University Students and Mental Health Surgeon General issued an advisory on the nations youth mental health crisis in December 2021. The coping strategy of behavioral disengagement (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 7. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903157166, Gallagher, R. P. (2014). Wang X, Hegde S, Son C, Keller B, Smith A, Sasangohar F. J Med Internet Res. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127152. Accessibility Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. Connection and disconnection as predictors of mental health and wellbeing. The current study investigated the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) with university students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the relationships between PsyCap (F. Luthans et al., 2007), coping strategies, and well-being of university students. WebCoping During Covid-19. You might have lost funding or your job. Indeed, optimism and hope each uniquely predict a major proportion of variance of the change in well-being and may together help students to face an uncertain future (M. W. Gallagher & Lopez, 2009). WebCOVID-19 Coping Strategies. University students faced unprecedented challenges and stressors, especially Asian Johnson (2020) indicated that 35% of students reported increased anxiety associated with a move from face-to-face to online learning in the spring 2020 semester, matching the early phases of the COVID-19 outbreak. The results allow for concluding that the students' maladaptive strategies of coping with stress, especially during the pandemic, may result in long-term consequences for their psychophysiological health and academic achievements. Guarding Your Joy: Keeping Your Mental Wellness High On Your Agenda, 7 Tips For Keeping A Routine For Your Wellness, Your Employees Are Stressed: Why Digital Mental Health Solutions Are Important In These Unpredictable Times And Beyond, Social Distancing And Staying Connected Through Games, Your Feelings (About Coronavirus) Are Valid, 10 Things You Can Do Besides Watch The News, A College Students 7 Tips For Transitioning To Online Classes. As a result, they had to adopt different coping strategies to overcome the predicament that they were trapped in. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013, Rabenu, E., Yaniv, E., & Elizur, D. (2017). Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). PMC From the Great Depression to 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina, victims of these life-shattering events have had to deal with their present circumstances and were also left with worries about how life and society would be inexorably altered in the future. Good relationships, good performance: The mediating role of psychological capital: A three-wave study among students. ), Handbook of emotions (pp. Depression is a state of low mood that can lead to several negative outcomes on thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and even physical state. The COVID-19 pandemic may be stressful. Students stressed out due to coronavirus, new survey finds. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-06-2015-0091. Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach. The PCQ-12 utilizes a 6-point Likert scale with response options ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Coefficients of determination for models predicting well-being from PsyCap dimensions ranged from 4% to 28%. COVID-19 has led to global dramatic shifts in daily life. The newly revised approach to foundation skills must deal with this inherent challenge. Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. As a flexible learning method, most schools chose online distance learning (ODL). Predictors of Students' Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impact of Coping Strategies, Sense of Coherence, and Social Support. College Student Journal, 42(3), 795-806. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. (2014). Meyer, M. L., Wagner, D. D., Holtzheimer, P. E., & Campbell, A. T. (2020). A suffering generation: Six factors contributing to the mental health crisis in North American higher education. In this study, accepting the realities, using alternative affirmative explanations, seeking social support for meeting emotional needs, and engaging in active problem-focused coping behaviors seem to be the most helpful ways to counter the negative effects of the pandemic on well-being. The 14 subscales may be broadly classified into two types of responsesadaptive and problematic (Carver, 1997, p. 98). Universities across the country closed for in-person instruction and activities, transitioning to remote learning. and transmitted securely. Whether youre a graduate student or an undergrad, youre probably feeling anxious, sad and uncertain. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Support expected during the pandemic: Type and source. The aim of this study was to understand how the sudden changes and uncertainty resulting from the pandemic affected the well-being of university students during the early period of the pandemic. Participants reported higher levels of negative emotion and loneliness after the onset of COVID-19, and a decrease in positive emotion. Gallup. Journal of College Student Development, 56(8), 872875. Would you like email updates of new search results? Coping with this stress may help you. Factorial structure of Brief COPE for international students attending U.S. colleges. Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. 2022 Oct 27;19(21):13994. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192113994. Mediation models were carried out with bootstrapping procedure with a 95% confidence interval. The impact of COVID-19 on student equity and inclusion: Supporting vulnerable students during school closures and school re-openings 19 November 2020 Abstract A holistic approach to education that addresses students learning, social and emotional needs is crucial, especially in times of crisis. Cluster analysis for strategies of. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063414526124, Masten, A. S. (2001). Students are dealing with a variety of social-emotional issues during the COVID-19 pandemic from a lack of basic resources in the home, such as food, a deficit in coping skills, or perhaps a lack of internet access. 2021 Jul-Sep;104(3):368504211029812. doi: 10.1177/00368504211029812. (1993). Stumbling on happiness. Eat well. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. Now is my chance to help others. Predicting the mental health of college students with psychological capital. Similarly, approach coping strategies such as active coping, positive reframing, and acceptance (Carver, 1997) were resilient strategies to handle pandemic stress whereas using emotional support and planning showed weaker but significant roles. All of these changes may have influenced students health Sheldon and Lyubomirsky (2006) indicated that practicing gratitude helps people to cope with negative situations because it enables them to view such situations through a more positive lens. Coronavirus Anxiety Workbook. Webstudents felt a lack of motivation, anxiety, stress, and isolation. PsyCaps positive psychological resources (HERO dimensions) may enable students to have a positive appraisal of circumstances (F. Luthans et al., 2007, p. 550) by providing mechanisms for reframing and reinterpreting potentially negative or neutral situations. An invitation to participate, which included a link to an informed consent form and the survey, was distributed to all university students at two large U.S. public institutions in the Midwest and the South via campus-wide electronic mailing lists. Of course, its good to stay informed, especially Top Tips To Decrease Coronavirus Anxiety & Improve Emotional Well Being, Strategies for Healthy Emotion Regulation During Uncertain Times, Owning Your Feelings & Moving Through Emotional Discomfort, Cultivating Gratitude To Support Wellbeing, Mental Health For Remote Workers: Supporting Employees And One Another, Gaming For Mental Health: Using Video And Board Games To Support Wellbeing, Building Resiliency To Isolation & Loneliness: How To Increase Our Resiliency During The COVID-19 Crisis, Peer, Friend And Self Support In The COVID-19 Crisis: How To Provide Support For Ourselves And Others Through Times Of Fear And Isolation, Navigating Relationships During The COVID-19 Pandemic, Back to Normal or Not: How to Help Your Family Through COVID-19 Transitions, Herramientas Para La Mejorar La Resiliencia Y Apoyar A La Comunidad Latinx: Seminario Virtual En Espaol Dirigido Por La Iniciativa Que Hacer Ahora. Fig 2. (2009). (2013). And there are ways to lessen your stress. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 310. The authors reported no conflict of interest Stress, coping and gender differences in third year medical students. Ertosun, . G., Erdil, O., Deniz, N., & Alpkan, L. (2015). In this context, it could be useful to understand issues that people find most concerning and ways in which they cope with stress. Experts are projecting increases in depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide in the United States (Wan, 2020). While PsyCap directly relates to well-being and coping strategies relate to well-being, our findings indicated that coping strategies also played a significant mediating role in the relationship between PsyCap and well-being. Academic stress, coping, emotion regulation, affect and psychosomatic symptoms in higher education. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/05/04/mental-health-coronavirus, Witters, D., & Harter, J. Flatt, A. K. (2013). Prior to COVID-19, the PsyCap dimensions of optimism and self-efficacy were significant predictors of well-being. Routledge Academic. Legal Notice | Privacy Policy, 11235 Bellflower Road McGonigal, J. After a thorough review of the literature, three standardized measures were identified for use in the study along with a brief survey for demographic information. Current Psychology. Baj-Korpak J, Zaworski K, Szymczuk E, Shpakou A. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Assessing college life adjustment of students with disabilities: Application of the PERMA framework. University students faced unprecedented challenges and stressors, especially Asian Cleveland, Our mental health is in constant flux and ebbs and flows on a daily basis. Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. -, Wirkus , Babicka-Wirkus A, Opora R, Stasiak K. Burnout among Probation Officers in Poland and the Role of Preferred Styles of Coping with Stress. https://news.gallup.com/poll/310250/worry-stress-fuel-record-drop-life-satisfaction.aspx, Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2015). The questionnaire included items related to age, gender, race/ethnicity, relationship status, education classification, and employment status. Assessing the effects of a personal effectiveness training on psychological capital, assertiveness and self-awareness using self-other agreement. What is the predictive relationship of PsyCap on well-being prior to the onset of COVID-19 and after the onset of COVID-19? OH WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. Background: During COVID-19 Consistent with prior research (Avey, Reichard et al., 2011; F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017; Youssef-Morgan & Luthans, 2015), we found that PsyCap predicted well-being. Findings are discussed in three areas: reduction in well-being related to COVID-19, shift in predictive roles of PsyCap HERO dimensions, and coping strategies as a mediator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 877891. Research Question 3 Interestingly, using emotional support also showed a similar mediating link between resilience and PERMA, but not for the factors of loneliness and negative emotion. (2020, April 14). Recently, the use of positive psychology smartphone apps such as Happify and resilience-building video games such as SuperBetter have been suggested and tested as motivational tools, especially with younger adults, to foster sustained and continued engagement with PsyCap development (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017; McGonigal, 2015). To this end, in 2020, a sample of Polish students was anonymously measured using the Mini-COPE questionnaire. Such factors as age, gender, and place of residence influenced the choice of specific strategies of coping with stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Published 2022. WebCoping with the Crisis As with any difficult situation, each person relies on different coping mechanisms. 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054 Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing, lockdowns, cancelled or limited leisure activities and tutorials and supervision for students taking place digital. Try to create a separate work space, although you should reserve your sleeping area for sleeping. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.004, Avey, J. Of course, its good to stay informed, especially about whats happening in your area. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the With schools around the country closed, students are facing unprecedented change. Of the final 609 participants, 73.7% (n = 449) identified as female, 22% (n = 139) identified as male, and 4.3% (n = 26) identified as non-binary. Journal of College Student Development, 50(1), 1934. This study is qualitative research with a case Estimation of Psychological Impairment and Coping Strategies during COVID-19 Pandemic among University Students in Saudi Arabia: A Large Regional Analysis. View 3 excerpts, references results and background, View 2 excerpts, references results and background, International journal of environmental research and public health. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 20(1), 5165.