Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. PubMed Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. PubMed A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. 2005;1042:1018. 2006;98:170713. Google Scholar. 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PPT Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? 2012;31:25074. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. 2011;343:5224. Investigation of Microwave Electromagnetic Fields in Open and Shielded Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). 2003;80:194210. Article Wang et al. . This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. 2015;91:55561. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. The conclusions are shown in Table3. J Neuro. Mack et al. CAS Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. 2004;155:3743. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. 2014;53:22230. 2010;39:67594. Acta Neurol Belg. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Springer Nature. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. However,. Interaction of Radiation with Matter - GSU statement and Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. 2009;4:e4389. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Electromagn Biol Med. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Bioelectromagnetics. Mol Neurobiol. Biomed Environ Sci. CAS Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. 2015;56:2618. Microwave Radiation Effects on Humans - JSTOR PDF Interactions of Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Tissue - EMR Aware Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Mol Brain Res. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Int J Occup Environ Health. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. 2012;25:1828. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Bioelectromagnetics. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. PubMed Central Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. Interphone study group. PubMed 2002;13:11921. Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. Article [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. 2012;62:22336. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Xu et al. Joubert et al. Dasdag et al. J Pharm Sci. 2010;3:4650. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Do Microwaves Affect Your Health? The Impact of Microwave Radiation - WebMD Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Nature. 1996;180:917. 2016;74:99107. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 2012;112:1715. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. 2003;140:147. Int J Radiat Biol. Google Scholar. J Neurosci Methods. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com Xiong et al. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. millimeter, or equivalently. Dasdag et al. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Microwave Hazards | PDF | Microwave | Electromagnetic Radiation - Scribd Neurobiol Learn Mem. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Cassel et al. Mortazavi et al. 2006;27:11926. J Neurosci. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. Google Scholar. 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The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. The effects are usually . Wang Q, Cao Z. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Exp Neurobiol. 2006;27:295306. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. Ning et al. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. 1994;15:95104. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. PubMed Bioelectromagnetics. CAS Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Article Bioelectromagnetics. J Environ Health. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Neuroreport. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. 2014;12:75. 2007;27:6024. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Int J Hyg Environ Health. Clin Neurophysiol. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Article Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Chin J Birth Health Hered. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Behav Brain Res. Cancer Res. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. 2005;25:10190201. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Terms and Conditions, Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. 2003;41:26887. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Article Int J Radiat Biol. Bioelectromagnetics. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. [42] found similar results. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. 2007;34:146779. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. 2005;438:18592. 2012;31:6774. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Biomed Environ Sci. 2015;36:4804. Gold PE. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. 2011;107:35661. Neurosci Lett. Google Scholar. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. J Clin Oncol. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. 2015;51:15865. 2010;28:445. PDF Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health: A Review of Sources and Effects These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Koch C, Zador A. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. 2013;23:306. Fragopoulou et al. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. Microwaves Technology : Basics, Effetcs & Its Applications - ElProCus as it have a harmful side. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Singh et al. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. Verma et al. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Wang et al. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. 2015;148:150. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. 2002;57:2702. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Othman et al. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. . Article Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Electromagn Biol Med. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Kwon et al. Behav Brain Res. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms.