[117], The Germanized Jews remained another vulnerable population in the new German nation-state. The Franco-Prussian War. In addition, the notion of a distinctive path relies upon the underlying assumption that some other nation's path (in this case, the United Kingdom's) is the accepted norm. Learning Opportunities for AP Coordinators, The Structures of Nineteenth-Century Government, Students will be able to explain the sources of German nationalismincluding cultural, intellectual, religious, political, and socialand to describe the tensions between nationalism as cultural or linguistic "sameness," e.g., "German," and nationalism as defined by loyalty to a national political institution, e.g., "Germany.". acted as unofficial portfolio ministers. . [74], The second episode in Bismarck's unification efforts occurred in 1866. The post-revolutionary European world became one of dramatic nation building that ultimately set the stage for 20th century nationalistic fervor, but before we can get nationalist passions riled up, we need to make some more nations. Sheehan, pp. In Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang Di uses Legalist, harsh values to govern the . AP European History Textbook Western Europe Since 1945 Western Civilization I: Certificate Program . This experience echoed the memory of mutual accomplishment in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in the War of Liberation of 181314. [86], The end of Austrian dominance of the German states shifted Austria's attention to the Balkans. Document A Historian R. R. Palmer, on German unification, 2002 Gradually, as we have seen, the Germans became dissatisfied with their position. Prussia's defeat of Denmark and annexation of Schleswig-Holstein set Prussia on a collision course with Austria for dominance of central Europe. 9-8 Points Thesis is clearly stated and addresses BOTH statesmen and compares and contrasts their methods of unification. Every German has complete freedom of religion and conscience. He was also an ardent German nationalist. Divide students into the following groups and debate the "Polish Question." [115], For some Germans, the definition of nation did not include pluralism, and Catholics in particular came under scrutiny; some Germans, and especially Bismarck, feared that the Catholics' connection to the papacy might make them less loyal to the nation. Josep R. Llobera and Goldsmiths' College. Although the Junkers did, indeed, continue to control the officer corps, they did not dominate social, political, and economic matters as much as the Sonderweg theorists had hypothesized. The German Confederation saw this act as a violation of the London Protocol of 1852, which emphasized the status of the Kingdom of Denmark as distinct from the three independent duchies. Through military victory, Prussia under Bismarck's influence had overcome Austria's active resistance to the idea of a unified Germany. This impractical solution did not reflect the new status of Prussia in the overall scheme. Bismarck encouraged Leopold to accept the offer. Unification was achieved by building on a tradition of legal collaboration under the Holy Roman Empire and economic collaboration through the Zollverein. [113], A key element of the nation-state is the creation of a national culture, frequentlyalthough not necessarilythrough deliberate national policy. In November 1850, the Prussiansspecifically Radowitz and Frederick Williamagreed to the restoration of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership. As a result, Germany after unification was forced to modify and adapt its political situation to accommodate dissenting political opinions and national and religious minorities. That Obama wanted Merkel to stay on during what he foresaw would be a chaotic period under Trump was not only due to her formidable skills - it was. Sometimes, as with the case of German Catholics, this was a relatively benign process; the case of Poland, however, shows a different side of German unification. He then hoped that Austria would join in a war of revenge and that its former alliesparticularly the southern German states of Baden, Wrttemberg, and Bavariawould join in the cause. The French public, still aggravated over the defeat at Sadov, demanded war. France promised aid, but it came late and was insufficient. "[65] Bismarck's words, "iron and blood" (or "blood and iron", as often attributed), have often been misappropriated as evidence of a German lust for blood and power. European liberalism offered an intellectual basis for unification by challenging dynastic and absolutist models of social and political organization; its German manifestation emphasized the importance of tradition, education, and linguistic unity. The Prussian landed elites, the Junkers, retained a substantial share of political power in the unified state. Role of prithivi narayan shah in unification of nepal? The unifications wouldn't have been achieved without the help of men and historical circumstances. In particular, it involved a struggle over language, education, and religion. A broad investigation into the problem of creating a German national identity outside of Prussia. italian unification ap european history crash course albert . After the revolutions of 1848 there were increasing ties between nationalism and conservatism, [21], The Hambach Festival (Hambacher Fest) in May 1832 was attended by a crowd of more than 30,000. Publicly, he replied that he could not accept a crown without the consent of the actual states, by which he meant the princes. Russian Jews arrived in north German cities in the thousands; considerably less educated and less affluent, their often dismal poverty dismayed many of the Germanized Jews. The French public resented the Prussian victory and demanded Revanche pour Sadov ("Revenge for Sadova"), illustrating anti-Prussian sentiment in Francea problem that would accelerate in the months leading up to the Franco-Prussian War. [76], In the Diet, the group of middle-sized states, known as Mittelstaaten (Bavaria, Wrttemberg, the grand duchies of Baden and Hesse, and the duchies of SaxonyWeimar, SaxonyMeiningen, SaxonyCoburg, and Nassau), supported complete demobilization within the Confederation. During this period, European liberalism gained momentum; the agenda included economic, social, and political issues. Edit. Prussian merchants, with the support of the Prussian crown, established the customs and trade union known as the Zollverein in 1834. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. The creation of this Borussian myth (Borussia is the Latin name for Prussia) established Prussia as Germany's savior; it was the destiny of all Germans to be united, this myth maintains, and it was Prussia's destiny to accomplish this. Prussian merchants, with the support of the Prussian crown, established the customs and trade union known as the Zollverein in 1834. Sch?nhausen, Duke von Lauenburg--was a Prussian statesman who in 1871 founded the German . This became known as the practice of Kleinstaaterei, or "small-statery". The unification of Germany (German: Deutsche Einigung, pronounced [dt an] (listen)) was the process of building the modern German nation-state with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without multinational Austria of the Habsburgs), which commenced on 18 August 1866 with adoption of the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the North German Confederation, initially a Prussian-dominated military alliance which was subsequently deepened through adoption of the North German Constitution. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. There is, in political geography, no Germany proper to speak of. [21], At the Wartburg Festival in 1817 the first real movements among the students were formed - fraternities and student organizations emerged. During the ill-fated Revolutions of 1848, nationalists in Germany and Italy tried unsuccessfully to unify their nations on the basis of shared language and culture. AP stands for "Advanced Placement"; it is a test intended for U.S. or foreign high school students to prove extraordinary knowledge. Expand All Austria's sphere expanded throughout much of the Central European territories formerly held by the Holy Roman Empire. Ap Euro Sample Guide. Garibaldi looked to Germany for the "kind of leadership [that], in the true tradition of medieval chivalry, would devote itself to redressing wrongs, supporting the weak, sacrificing momentary gains and material advantage for the much finer and more satisfying achievement of relieving the suffering of our fellow men. [106], The new German Empire included 26 political entities: twenty-five constituent states (or Bundesstaaten) and one Imperial Territory (or Reichsland). In addition, a large part of Poland had been part of Prussia since the eighteenth century. [95], The reorganization of the military by von Roon and the operational strategy of Moltke combined against France to great effect. Yet, as Germans discovered, grand speeches, flags, and enthusiastic crowds, a constitution, a political reorganization, and the provision of an imperial superstructure; and the revised Customs Union of 186768, still did not make a nation. Applegate, Celia. [8] The critical role played by Blcher's troops, especially after having to retreat from the field at Ligny the day before, helped to turn the tide of combat against the French. Privately, he feared opposition from the other German princes and military intervention from Austria or Russia. G.Wawro. As the rail network expanded, it became cheaper to transport goods: in 1840, 18 Pfennigs per ton per kilometer and in 1870, five Pfennigs. [108], The 1866 North German Constitution became (with some semantic adjustments) the 1871 Constitution of the German Empire. The Congress established a loose German Confederation (18151866), headed by Austria, with a "Federal Diet" (called the Bundestag or Bundesversammlung, an assembly of appointed leaders) that met in the city of Frankfurt am Main. Both impacting leaders, the Reformation's Martin Luther and the Qin Dynasty's Shi Huang Di make decisions that change the course of global history. The reality of defeat for Austria also caused a reevaluation of internal divisions, local autonomy, and liberalism. Austria's power meant lack of power for us, whereas Prussia desired German unity in order to supply the deficiencies of her own power. [68], By 1862, when Bismarck made his speech, the idea of a German nation-state in the peaceful spirit of Pan-Germanism had shifted from the liberal and democratic character of 1848 to accommodate Bismarck's more conservative Realpolitik. This AP European History crash course on the Italian Unification will be a good asset for you on the new AP Euro exam. The battle was a decisive victory for Prussia and forced the Habsburgs to end the war with the unfavorable Peace of Prague,[82] laying the groundwork for the Kleindeutschland (little Germany) solution, or "Germany without Austria.". A series of wars in the 1860s, culminating in the Prussian defeat of France in 1871 resulted in the German unification of 1871 under Prussian leadership. In these states, German life has its positive and negative polesin the former, all the interests [that] are national and reformative, in the latter, all that are dynastic and destructive. Thus Wagner emphasizes that German identity is tied with geographical boundaries, in this case, the Rhine River. nationalism_and_realism_homework.docx - Nationalism and Although seemingly minor events, the Erfurt Union proposal and the Punctation of Olmtz brought the problems of influence in the German states into sharp focus. "German History before Hitler: The Debate about the German Sonderweg. Several states were promoted to kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Saxony or the Kingdom of Hanover. Napoleon established instead a German client state of France known as the Confederation of the Rhine which, inter alia, provided for the mediatization of over a hundred petty princes and counts and the absorption of their territories, as well as those of hundreds of imperial knights, by the Confederation's member-states. [39], As travel became easier, faster, and less expensive, Germans started to see unity in factors other than their language. Ask students to close their eyes and imagine sitting in a darkened Festspielhaus in 1876, the night of the opera's premiere. All the rest of us would eagerly and joyfully follow you." Within three years, 141 kilometers (88mi) of track had been laid, by 1840, 462 kilometers (287mi), and by 1860, 11,157 kilometers (6,933mi). In April 1866, the Prussian representative in Florence signed a secret agreement with the Italian government, committing each state to assist the other in a war against Austria. Following the 1848 upheavals, Wagner penned his essay, "Art and Revolution," in which he argued that the task of the artist is to effect political change through artistic expression. All parties in France rejected the terms, insisting that any armistice be forged on the basis of territorial integrity. France, in other words, would pay reparations for starting the war, but would, in Jules Favre's famous phrase, cede neither a clod of our earth nor a stone of our fortresses". You'll learn about Guisseppe Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuelle, Otto von . The Prussian army invested Paris and held it under siege until mid-January, with the city being "ineffectually bombarded". In practice Young Europe lacked the money and popular support for more than a short-term existence. the 2010 supreme court case, wagner v. tritch, involves the illegal distribution of copyrighted material to foreign consumers via the internet, which is a new area of law. The Age of Metternich is a turning point which sparks governmental . [79] Complicating the situation for Austria, the Italian mobilization on Austria's southern border required a diversion of forces away from battle with Prussia to fight the Third Italian War of Independence on a second front in Venetia and on the Adriatic sea. The operas are based on an ancient German myth, and Wagner hoped that the retelling of this myth in modern operatic form would foster a spirit of German nationalism. German Unification DBQ - AP European History Mann, Chapter 6, pp. [45], On 27 March 1849, the Frankfurt Parliament passed the Paulskirchenverfassung (Constitution of St. Paul's Church) and offered the title of Kaiser (Emperor) to the Prussian king Frederick William IV the next month. 22 times. a. the german reichstag forced otto von bismarck to resign as chancellor. [35] He was not alone: the poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote a poem in which he extolled the virtues of the Zollverein, which he began with a list of commodities that had contributed more to German unity than politics or diplomacy. Ap euro 30 - lecture notes - I a th eERXypROoEfFtCSh 0 The age of ' i Post-1945 historians, however, see more short-term opportunism and cynicism in Bismarck's manipulation of the circumstances to create a war, rather than a grand scheme to unify a nation-state. The new empire functioned largely as a federation, with Prussia as the dominant state. The Lower House, the Reichstag, was popularly elected but could not introduce legislation and could only veto the budget, something they were usually unwilling to do. Om. . Their pressure resulted in a variety of elections, based on different voting qualifications, such as the Prussian three-class franchise, which granted to some electoral groupschiefly the wealthier, landed onesgreater representative power. AP European Example (Document Based Question) This is intended as a guide to the correct construction of the essay and is not to be used as your essay. 9th Edition. PDF AP European History Mr. Trinkner Boulder High School Initially conceived by the Prussian Finance Minister Hans, Count von Blow, as a Prussian customs union in 1818, the Zollverein linked the many Prussian and Hohenzollern territories. Von Roon and William (who took an active interest in military structures) began reorganizing the Prussian army, while Moltke redesigned the strategic defense of Prussia by streamlining operational command. France's sphere included the Iberian Peninsula and a share of influence in the Italian states. Smith focuses on German unification and religion. Although today, the four parts of the Ring Cycle operas, Das Rheingold (The Rhine Gold), Die Walkur (The Valkyries), Sigfried, and Gtterdammerung (The Twilight of the Gods), are performed as separate pieces, Wagner composed them as part of a single piece and insisted that they be performed on successive nights. William, crowned King Wilhelm I in 1861, appointed Otto von Bismarck to the position of Minister-President of Prussia in 1862. March 2, 2023 2:09 AM PT. Hitler often called on the German public to sacrifice all for the cause of their great nation, but his regime did not create German nationalism: it merely capitalized on an intrinsic cultural value of German society that still remains prevalent even to this day. 432; Holt, p. 75. What did they stand for? [13] Ever since the Prince-Elector of Brandenburg had made himself King in Prussia at the beginning of that century, their domains had steadily increased through inheritance and war. The colors black, red and gold were symbolic of this. [10], After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna established a new European political-diplomatic system based on the balance of power. [31], In contrast, the coastal states already had barrier free access to international trade and did not want consumers and producers burdened with the import duties they would pay if they were within the Zollverein customs border. As a result, the Confederation of the Rhine collapsed and the French period came to an end. Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . Following the defeat of the Austrian Empire in 1866, the German states allied with Prussia, with the notable exception of Catholic Bavaria, forming the North German Confederation. German reunification (German: Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process of re-establishing Germany as a single sovereign state, which took place between 2 May 1989 and 15 March 1991. The dramatic prelude to the war occurred largely in Frankfurt, where the two powers claimed to speak for all the German states in the parliament. [118], By the years of unification, German Jews played an important role in the intellectual underpinnings of the German professional, intellectual, and social life. [67] Second, his emphasis on blood and iron did not imply simply the unrivaled military might of the Prussian army but rather two important aspects: the ability of the assorted German states to produce iron and other related war materials and the willingness to use those war materials if necessary. [19], Despite considerable conservative reaction, ideas of unity joined with notions of popular sovereignty in German-speaking lands. Economic success, political failure, and diplomatic tension marked the idea of a unified Germany in the period after the Napoleonic Wars. Cengage Learning, 2016. In 1870 Italy and Germany were unified. Chapter 19 AP Euro | Other Quiz - Quizizz cjones004. [25] Prince Wrede led half of the Bavarian army to the Palatinate to "subdue" the province. Howard, Chapter XI: the Peace, pp. AP European History - zum.de 0. No German state may treat Germans who are not its citizens as foreigners. Throughout the subsequent decades, beginning almost immediately after the defeat of the French, reaction against the mixing of Jews and Christians limited the intellectual impact of these salons. Crash Course European History #27 - Italian and German Unification (PDF) So, we haven't talked much about Italy and Germany so far in Crash Course Euro, and that's because prior to the mid-19th century, those two nation-states weren't really a thing. An overview of nineteenth-century German history, including unification and related religious, regional, and ethnic tensions. Finally, in 1870 the Regency offered the crown to Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a prince of the Catholic cadet Hohenzollern line.