Bonita Springs, FL34135 It attempted to reclassify a number of passenger service agents and other fleet service employees as part-time workers to save money. [87] The order was split between Boeing and Airbus: 150 737 MAX 10s, 50 MAX 8s, and 70 A321neos. Our points-obsessed staff uses a plethora of credit cards on a daily basis. Some changes were due largely to the retirement of long-term senior management members, as well as performance-driven changes at the very top in 1969 and again in 1985 following the pilot strike (discussed below). Succeeded Indra Nooyi who is still the Chairman until 2019. April 2020: The CEO of a company whose employees do a lot of travel on United told Kirby that he thought his company was simply going to reduce travel by 50 percent going forward. Hedge fund calls for Delta-United merger South Florida Business Journal: "Delta: No active merger talks with United", "Delta Air says it's not in merger talks with United", Report: United, US Airways in 'Advanced Talks' to Merge FOXBusiness.com, "UAL pilots leader pans possible merger with US Air", "ATW: Lufthansa's Mayrhuber sees value in United-US Airways merger but not investment", "UAL includes Canada in fee to check 1 bag", "Southwest to Add Flights; United, Northwest Cut Overseas Routes", "US Airways Terminates Skycaps AHN - August 8, 2008", "Single Web Hit Led to UAL Glitch, Tribune Says", "United, Aer Lingus boost trans-Atlantic pact", "Band takes United Airlines baggage handling to task on YouTube", "Continental, United airlines to combine", https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100727/ap_on_bi_ge/eu_united_continental_1, "New Visual Brand Identity for the New United Airlines", "Justice Department approves United and Continental airlines merger", "UAL and Continental shareholders approve merger", "United, Continental to merge operations in 2011", United to transition to Continental operating certificate as part of merger, "Pilots: United gets single operating certificate". Advertised as a "club in the sky", they featured "cocktails, steak dinner, and cigar and pipe smoking permitted". On December 26, 1973, then-president Richard Nixon flew aboard a United DC-10 flight from Washington Dulles to Los Angeles. UATC's President Philip G. Johnson was forced to resign and moved to Trans-Canada Airlines, the future Air Canada. The planned involuntary cuts included 6,920 flight attendants, 2,850 pilots, 1,400 management jobs, 2,010 mechanics and 2,260 in airport operations, among others. [81], On April 9, 2017, Dr. David Dao was bloodied and forcibly removed from United Express Flight 3411, sustaining injuries in the process. [47], In the years following United's exit from bankruptcy, the financial firms Bank of America and Fidelity Investments accumulated shares to become the second largest owner with an 11 percent stake in the company. customer relations in that area of its services. However, MEC Chairman Roger Hall, who was hosting a national teleconference from the Odeum (a convention center in the Chicago suburbs) with F. Lee Bailey, declared the strike was on at 12:01am on May 17, without further consulting the negotiators, some of whom believed they could find agreement on all contract terms if the negotiations were allowed to continue. The only choice left, to achieve parity with American's pilot costs, was to begin a B-scale for United's new-hire pilots. Aer Lingus would operate the service, which is permitted under recent open skies agreements between the United States and Europe. Alaska Airlines The flight attendants voted not to participate in the deal, and some initially wore buttons saying "we just work here." Its fleet of fifty aircraft were utilized at a rate of more than thirteen hours per day by 1945 (well above the pre-war rate of less than nine hours per day), flying 100,000 miles per day. In exchange for the annual fee, you'll unlock access to the Amex Membership Rewards program that let you access airline and hotel transfer partners, along with new lifestyle and travel credits. United continued operations during its bankruptcy, but was forced to cut its costs drastically. List Of Most Airline CEOs - Airliners.net The move raised the ire of the union, as well as an outcry from Washington over potential violations to CARES Act rules. These accidents helped pave the way for modern Air Traffic Control. Venkatakrishnan Group Chief Executive | Barclays", "Hubert Joly - Best Buy Corporate News and InformationBest Buy Corporate News and Information", "Denise M. Morrison - Campbell Soup Company", "Chuck Robbins - Cisco Executive | The Network", "Comcast NBCUniversal Executive Biographies", "daimler>company>corporate-governance>board-of-management>kaellenius", "Deutsche Post DHL Group | Board of Management", "DowDuPont Inc. - Investors - Corporate Governance - DowDuPont Leadership - DowDuPont Leadership", "Global Chairman and CEO Mark Weinberger - EY - Global", "Executive Officers - Lloyd C. Blankfein", "Alphabet Inc.: Private Company Information", "Corporate - Official Corporate Website of the Kapuso Network", "C Vijayakumar Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of HCL Technologies | HCL Technologies", "Henderson Land Development Company Limited", "IBM News room - Ginni Rometty - Chairman, President, and CEO - United States", "Jim Brett | Board Member, Management | J.Crew Group, Inc", "Directors & Officers | Jefferies | Investor Relations", "Koch Industries on the Forbes America's Largest Private Companies List", "MicroStrategy is back, and it's making the case for agile analytics", "Mark Thompson | The New York Times Company", "NIKE, Inc. - Investor Relations - Investors - Corporate Governance", "Pekka Lundmark, President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO)", "Corporate Information: Directors/Executive Officers", "Ramon Laguarta Elected Chief Executive Officer of PepsiCo", "Corporate Governance - Corporate Overview - Ralph Lauren Investor Relations", "Mukesh D. Ambani - Chairman and Managing Director - Reliance Industries Limited", "The General of the Salvation Army - Biography", "Board Composition Board of Director Governance Investor Relations Samsung Global | GLOBAL", "Roland Busch - Management - Siemens Global Website", "Biography: Masayoshi Son | Board of Directors | Company Info | About Us | SoftBank Group", "Incoming CEO at Southwest Air faces numerous challenges", "Starbucks Names Laxman Narasimhan as Next Chief Executive Officer", "Sun Hung Kai Properties - Directors and Board Committees", "Board of Directors | Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd", "Executive Leadership, Board of Directors - Syntel", "Executive Committee - Board and Executive Committee - About us", "Management and Directors | Travelers Insurance", "United's new CEO eyes union cooperation to avoid staff cuts in pandemic crisis", "CV Sergio P. Ermotti | UBS Global topics", "Stefano Pessina, Executive Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Walgreens Boots Alliance, Inc", "Doug McMillon - President and CEO, Walmart", "Kevin Tsujihara - Warner Bros. - The Studio", "Board, Committee and Charters World Wrestling Entertainment Inc", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_chief_executive_officers&oldid=1140794748, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Founder of the Children of Armenia Fund (COAF), Former vice chairman of American Express since 2015, Stepped down as CEO in 2009 and resumed in 2017, Former head of private and commercial banking at Deutsche Bank, replaced John Cryan, Previously MD of Cheminor Drugs before it was acquired by Dr. Reddy's, became self-made billionaire due to success of the company, Chief Executive Officer, Member Board of Directors, Former regional CEO for P&G, Coca-Cola, and BAT, Also an investor on the American version of. [56], On June 4, 2008, United announced that it would close its Ted unit[57] and reconfigure it for a return to mainline configuration to compensate for the removal of its Boeing 737s that were to be retired. The Big 3 network carriers (United, Delta and American) as well as Alaska, JetBlue and Hawaiian expect to fly fewer flights than 2019. Related: United to reduce staffing on many flights beginning in July. Pentagram soon decided to keep the "tulip", in view of its strong brand-recognition. Scott Kirby - Chief Executive Officer - United Airlines | LinkedIn The last United 747, dubbed the "Friendship" a reference to United's original branding for its DC-10 and 747-100 fleet in the 1970s was taken on a hub to hub tour around the United States, before taking a final ticketed flight from San Francisco to Honolulu, reprising the inaugural scheduled flight of a United Boeing 747. The credit card offers that appear on the website are from credit card companies from which ThePointsGuy.com receives compensation. By 2001, the regulatory sentiment was against the deal, and United withdrew the offer just before the Department of Justice barred the merger on antitrust grounds in July. United Airlines president Scott Kirby to replace Oscar Munoz as CEO, installation of Polaris business class seats, reduction in onboard flight-attendant staffing, Flying on Uniteds new CRJ550, possibly the most comfortable regional jet in the US, American Airlines not going away because of the coronavirus crisis, United Airlines may change route map post-coronavirus, says no hub is sacred, popular Polaris business class seats and lounges, United to reduce staffing on many flights beginning in July, Delta and United ready to return to China as international routes slowly resume, Why I always board last, no matter where Im sitting on the plane, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Boeing Air Transport hired registered nurse Ellen Church to assist passengers; United claims Church as the first airline stewardess. RANK 146. The board of directors of both Continental and UAL Corporation reached an agreement to combine operations to create the world's largest airline on May 2, 2010. The following is a list of chief executive officers of notable companies. Scott Kirby Lipper shall not be liable for any errors or delays in the content, or for any actions taken in reliance thereon. Sarasota, FL34231 United remains committed to the project, as well as to a concourse expansion that will see it add 24 gates to its hub in the future, she said. United Airlines CEO On the passenger front, Kirby has a history of maximizing revenue sometimes at the expense of comfort. Get $200 back in statement credits each year on prepaid Fine Hotels + Resorts or The Hotel Collection bookings, which requires a minimum two-night stay, through American Express Travel when you pay with your Platinum Card. A post shared by United (@united) on May 18, 2020 at 8:30am PDT. The airline was busy covering the need for air transport across the United States during the war. [97] At the time, there was no real logo for the airline and Bass noted that the brand direction was not clearly evident. Come fly the friendly skies" (Late 1980s), "Come fly the airline that's uniting the world. "Hes got to shed the America West, low-cost airline mindset and hes got to recognize that United Airlines is a better class of airline. OBTAINED FROM: United Aircraft and Transport Corporation, United States Department of Transportation, "United Airlines Timeline (entry for March 28, 1931)", "American National Business Hall of Fame, ANBHF W.A. During this time of turmoil brought on by external forces, United explored options to re-establish its financial footing and raise capital. Josh Earnest. [8] Post-war United benefited from new technologies (such as the pressurized cabin which permitted planes to fly above the weather) and a boom in customer demand for air travel. One aircraft was N612UA, a Boeing 767-222 operating as United Airlines Flight 175, flown into the South Tower of the World Trade Center. United Airlines is the third largest airline in the world, with 86,852 employees (which includes the entire holding company United Airlines Holdings) and 721 aircraft. Most of these hubs would replace the Tokyo Narita route with Haneda. That's exactly the case with the Amex Platinum card. Indeed, the words "Worldwide Service" were displayed near the front of the aircraft. Data are provided 'as is' for informational purposes only and are not intended for trading purposes. [96] As for United, before merging with Continental it had acquired Capital Airlines in the 1960s and had also purchased Pan Am's Pacific Division as well as Pan Am's transatlantic route rights into Heathrow Airport during the 1980s.[94]. 'Brutally honest' Scott Kirby takes over as new United Airlines CEO [18] By late 1986, United flew to thirteen Pacific destinations, most of which were purchased from Pan Am. Kirby is not going it alone in United's Willis Tower executive suite. [28] In 1992, United purchased Pan Am's Latin American and Caribbean routes and Miami gates, but allowed months to elapse between Pan Am's demise and its launch of service. "W", in recognition that United's acquisition of the Westin hotel chain had actually been the reverse, as Westin's president Ed Carlson had become United's CEO. [29] Having a larger say in running the company, United's unions later successfully bargained for significant pay increases, but the effect was only short-term. ALPA negotiators delivered a new counter-proposal at 12:20am in an effort to avoid the strike. The incident was recorded on video by several passengers and officials, and the resultant publicity and subsequent handling of the incident by United Airlines was a PR disaster. Mutual Funds & ETFs: All of the mutual fund and ETF information contained in this display, with the exception of the current price and price history, was supplied by Lipper, A Refinitiv Company, subject to the following: Copyright Refinitiv. It was the brainchild of William Boeing and emerged from his consolidation of numerous carriers and equipment manufacturers from 1928 to 1930. Airline CEOs: Who are they, and what background and The merger resulted in United inheriting from Capital the British-manufactured Vickers Viscount, which was the only mainline turboprop aircraft ever flown by the airline. $2,263 -69.2%. United Company History Timeline 446 Jobs 1926 Varney's chief pilot, Leon D. "Lee" Cuddeback, flew the first Contract Air Mail flight in a Swallow biplane from Varney's The flight made a very short-lived record for the fastest flight around the globe; within a month, a GulfstreamIV business jet had broken Friendship One's record.[27]. Kirby has already warned staff, investors and travelers that tough decisions lie ahead for the airline. The carrier would be headquartered in Chicago, with Continental CEO Jeff Smisek acting as CEO of the combined airline. On December 16, 1960, Flight 826 hit another TWA Super Constellation over New York City. History of United Airlines - Wikipedia Not to mention the airline being in the middle of a crisis. WebBrett J. Hart. Opinions expressed here are the authors alone, not those of any bank, credit card issuer, airline or hotel chain, and have not been reviewed, approved or otherwise endorsed by any of these entities. As part of ESOP agreement, United CEO Stephen Wolf resigned and took a consulting job with Lazard Freres, the investment company he had hired to advise United's board during the ESOP buyout process. See what a point or mile is worth with our appraisals of a loyalty programs currency, based on redemption values. Although United knew they would have to cancel numerous flights if this were to happen, they did not hire new pilots to make up for the potential shortage. These spin-offs and divestitures have not come to fruition. After studying at the U.S. Air Force Academy, he has spent the past three decades working in the airline business. Chief Executive Officer, Director. Dao refused this instruction and law enforcement officers were called. WebIn 1952, the CAB appointed Nelson David as president, and he began to improve the financial stability of the airline. United Airlines, Inc., Orange Hotel Holdings Ltd., United Airlines Holdings, Inc., RealSelf, Inc. United Airlines, Inc., UnitedHealth Group, Inc., United Airlines Holdings, Inc. Chief Financial Officer & Executive Vice President, Executive Vice President-Strategy & Planning, Chief Customer Officer & Executive Vice President, Executive VP-Human Resources & Labor Relations, Chief Legal Officer, SVP & General Counsel, Vanguard Institutional Total Stock Market Index Trust, Vanguard US Total Market Shares Index ETF, Capital Research & Management Co. (International Investors), US Global Investors, Inc. (Asset Management). There is a general sense among long-time flyers of the airline that the product has been cheapened since the 2013 merger. All of us make missteps. Munoz leaves a significantly improved United in Kirby's hands. In 1998, Delta Air Lines and United introduced a marketing partnership that included a reciprocal redemption agreement between SkyMiles and Mileage Plus programs and shared lounges. [63] In May 2009, the U.S. Department of Transportation rated UAL eleventh among 19 US carriers in lost, damaged, delayed, or pilfered baggage, with 3.67 complaints per 1,000 passengers. [53] On April 27, 2008, it was reported that UAL Corporation and US Airways Group were in the advanced stages of merger negotiations as well. If theres one thing I credit Oscar for: he built a really good team., Related: Delta and United ready to return to China as international routes slowly resume, More from TPG: Why I always board last, no matter where Im sitting on the plane. The company was founded on December 30, 1968 and is headquartered in Chicago, IL. Kirby turned eyes in 2022 by repeatedly asserting his goal that United become not only the largest airline in the world (which is objectively measurable by a number of factors), but also be the best airline in the world. $155 Walmart+ Credit: Cover the cost of a $12.95 monthly Walmart+ membership with a statement credit after you pay for Walmart+ each month with your Platinum Card. The list also includes lead executives with a position corresponding to chief executive officer (CEO), such as managing director (MD), and any concurrent positions held. Also, United applied for more routes to Tokyo Haneda Airport, from its 6 U.S. hubs that did not fly there. It was this UAC that acquired mail and passenger service operator Pacific Air Transport on January 1, 1928, then renamed Boeing Aircraft & Transport Co., merged with Pratt & Whitney Aircraft in early 1929 to form United Aircraft and Transport Corporation (UATC). News Corp is a global, diversified media and information services company focused on creating and distributing authoritative and engaging content and other products and services. Fundamental company data and analyst estimates provided by FactSet. On November 12, 2003, it launched Ted, a new low-cost carrier to compete with other low-cost airlines. In August 1940, United scheduled flights to 37 airports. Cost includes $12.95 plus applicable local sales tax. Star Alliance Services GmbH, Air Transport Association of America, Inc., United Airlines Holdings, Inc. United Airlines Holdings, Inc., United Airlines, Inc. Hasbro, Inc., Recreational Equipment, Inc., Spartan Race, Inc., Blade Air Mobility, Inc., United Airlines, Inc., Pinkberry, Inc., BRP, Inc., United Airlines Holdings, Inc., Bombardier Recreational Products, Inc. United Airlines Holdings, Inc., Greater Msp, Minnesota Orchestral Association, Northside Achievement Zone, United Airlines, Inc., Denny's Corp., Denny's, Inc., The Kennedy Center Corporate Fund, United Airlines, Inc., United Airlines Holdings, Inc., ATI, Inc. (Texas), Hyster-Yale Materials Handling, Inc., Virginia Mason Health System, Virginia Mason Medical Center. A custom Times New Roman font, reading "UNITED AIRLINES" in white, replaced Saul Bass's previous lettering style. "/"Proud to fly Team USA for over 30 years." This compensation may impact how and where products appear on this site (including, for example, the order in which they appear). [83], As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, in July 2020, United announced that it will be sending lay-off notice warnings to 36,000 employees including, 15,100 flight attendants, 11,000 in airport operations and 2,250 pilots among others. A deal was not "certain or imminent," with the talks being in a preliminary state. On June 12, 2008, United announced it would charge $15 for the first checked bag, becoming the second U.S. airline to do so, after American Airlines. The aircraft was previously painted in Ted colors and also operated with Blue Tulip paint from 2009 to the end of 2010, when it was painted into its current livery. Company Contacts - Elliott Report - Elliott Advocacy - Here to help Best card for premium perks while traveling, Capital One Venture X Rewards Credit Card, The Business Platinum Card from American Express, The best places to see cherry blossoms around the US this spring, Looking back: How my points and miles strategy has changed over the years, The best increased card offers to sign up for this March. The decline of Pan American World Airways offered opportunities; in 1991, United purchased Pan Am's routes to London Heathrow Airport. Related: American Airlines not going away because of the coronavirus crisis, "[Kirby] is through and through an aviation guy whose lifelong goal is to run the premier airline in the world," Sara Nelson, international president of the Association of Flight Attendants-CWA that represents cabin crew at United, said to TPG in an interview. The early slogan "The Main Line Airway," emphasizing its signature New York-Chicago-San Francisco route, was replaced in 1965 with "Fly the Friendly Skies." Learn more. United Airlines is the only airline to have operated Executive One, the designation given to a civil flight carrying the U.S. president. We look forward to your continued leadership as Chairman of the Board and welcoming Scott Kirby as our new CEO later this week. In 1973,[citation needed] the airline commissioned designer Saul Bass to develop a new logo and livery. Come fly the Friendly Skies" (late 1980s), "Come fly our Friendly Skies" (The early ESOP years), "Airline of the U.S. Olympic Team" (Used during the 1988 Summer Olympics), "Come fly Chicago's hometown airline. Edwards, Jim. United sought overseas routes in the 1960s, but the 1969 Transpacific Route Case denied it this expansion; it did not gain an overseas route until 1983, when United began flights to Tokyo from Portland and Seattle. $36,556 -3.5%. United Airlines: USA: 335,728: 83.4: Oscar Munoz [57] American: Sep-15: 1 year, 10 months: Outsider: President & COO, CSX Corporation: B Business Administration: During the attacks of September 11, 2001, two of the four planes hijacked were United planes. The offer drew immediate scorn from consumer groups and employees of both airlines. On June 1, 1961, United merged with Capital Airlines, displacing rival American Airlines as the world's second largest airline behind Aeroflot of the Soviet Union. United also began operating French-manufactured Sud Aviation Caravelle jetliners and was the only American-based airline ever to operate the Caravelle in scheduled passenger service. Gerald (Gerry) Laderman. [48] The industry environment was ripe with pressures to merge and consolidate. The Amex Platinum comes with access to a premium concierge service that can help you with everything from booking hard-to-get reservations to finding destination guides to help you plan out your next getaway. $40,140. Sources: CoinDesk (Bitcoin), Kraken (all other cryptocurrencies), Calendars and Economy: 'Actual' numbers are added to the table after economic reports are released. It also plans to upgrade its entire existing mainline narrowbody fleet with new interiors, faster WiFi, and seatback entertainment by 2025. May 24, 2011. This card is also incredibly rewarding for travel purchases, helping you rack up a ton of Membership Rewards points for your next award trip. After the plane had been fully boarded, four members of staff presented themselves for the flight. That same year, United opened its southwest US hub at Los Angeles International Airport. Munoz will Plus, your own feed of TPG content. Other United Slogans include: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Kirby has a checkered history on this front at United. United Airlines was the creation of aviation pioneer William Boeing, who started out in the airplane business in 1916. Two United Express regional flights had inoperable lavatories during part of the delays. His Boeing Airplane Company, as it was then called, achieved the first international postal delivery in 1919, and he went on to establish United Aircraft Corp. in 1928. Other long-haul city pairs, such as its 2009 application to fly between Los Angeles and Shanghai (which began May 2011), were denied by the FAA. [42][43] In the interim, it increased its ties with British carrier BMI and Aloha Airlines. Liberty Fellowship, United Airlines, Inc., Bipartisan Policy Center, United Airlines Holdings, Inc., Teach For America, Inc., The Rockefeller Foundation, Music Associates of Aspen, Inc. In 1997, Sony engineer John Cooperstock[31] and an assistant professor at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec,[32] created untied.com, a website chronicling complaints about service on United, including those from Premier Class customers. Previously the firm's chief operating office, Been with the company since the beginning, Listed as one of the most powerful woman in the world by, Previously over the firm's Business and International Insurance segment, First woman to hold the position at the company; succeeded, Chairwoman and Co-CEO (Alongside Nick Khan), Co-founder and previously was Zillow's CEO for nearly a decade. 5404 Hoover Blvd Ste 14 Austrian Airlines (Vagn Sorensen) Belair (Beat Schaer) Intersky (Renate Moser) Edelweiss Air (Karl Kistler) Rheintalflug (Rolf Seewald) SkyEurope Airlines (Christian SHOW MORE. After years of focused work to bring about deregulation, the 1978 Airline Deregulation Act became law. Window Classics-Bonita Springs [19] American Airlines already had a non-merging B-scale for its pilots. WebScott Kirby is CEO of United Airlines. United Airlines CEO and key executive team | Craft.co Enrollment required. (2017present). Linda Jojo. [84] On September 2, 2020, United Airlines, in a new memo to its employees, indicated that they planned to cut 16,370 jobs in nearly a month. Another eleven aircraft, including five Boeing 777-200ERs, one Boeing 767-400ER, one Boeing 767-300ER, one Boeing 757-200, two Boeing 737-800s and one Boeing 737-700, are painted in the Star Alliance livery. United Airlines: Oscar Munoz: President & CEO: $9,561,134: $18,720,548-48.93%: $83,122: 115 to 1: Southwest Airlines: Gary Kelly: Chairman & CEO: $7,560,200: Kirby and Parker are credited with two of the industry's mega mergers: the combination of American and US Airways in 2013, and of America West Airlines and US Airways in 2005. United CEO He is supported by United veteran Brett Hart, who takes over as president, as well as Andrew Nocella as commercial chief and Gerry Laderman as chief financial officer. service on re-configured Boeing 757-200s from JFK Airport in New York City to Los Angeles and San Francisco. The airline cut its schedule by 90% in May and June but, in a positive sign, plans to only cut about 75% of its schedule in July. The launch order for 30 airplanes in 1978, together with an order for 30 727-200s, totaled $1.2 billion, and was the largest commercial airplane order up to that time, eclipsing Pan Am's launch order for the 747. One of Kirby's achievements is the success of his mid-continent hub growth plan: the airline grew faster than the industry average with a focus on adding connecting flights at its hubs at Chicago O'Hare (ORD), Denver (DEN) and Houston Bush Intercontinental (IAH) in 2018 and 2019. Launch Customer. $8,659. Compare the cost in points or miles to cash, and see which option is best. All rights reserved. "[97] After United announced its new logo, supporters of the previous United logo started a Facebook group called "Save the United Airlines Tulip" in order to convince the airline to change its logo back to the stylized U, or "tulip."
Places Like Ripley's Believe It Or Not, 4 1 1 4 Formation Pes 2021 Manager List, Articles L