naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. /Type /Group /Type /Group /Filter /FlateDecode -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one Chapter 3 Flashcards | Chegg.com [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. /Resources << << [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors endobj endobj Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R /GS7 27 0 R /GS8 28 0 R /Tabs /S << Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 The nave scientist is someone who believes that they can understand the world through observation and experiment. /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') /CS /DeviceRGB /CS /DeviceRGB Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. 2 0 obj<>stream social cognition test 1 Flashcards | Quizlet >> /Marked true >> Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. /F1 21 0 R ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. -Cognitive component: stereotypes basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. ->paying an increase of the original price for extras -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? /Group << How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? naive scientist vs cognitive miser - canorthrup.com 238 0 R 239 0 R] /FontDescriptor 365 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. What is social contagion? /S /Transparency /MarkInfo << AVERSIVE /Parent 2 0 R >> What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? during socialrejection/inclusion, IMPRESSION: an idea, feeling, or opinion about something orsomeone, especially one formed without conscious thought or onthe basis of little evidence, PERSON PERCEPTION: the process through which people observeother people, interpret information about them, draw inferencesabout them, & develop mental representations of them, provides the basis for the way we think, feel, and behavetowards others, physical characteristics (e.g. /RoleMap 18 0 R -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do >> In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. How do responses on the TST illustrate the characteristics of different cultures? /F3 23 0 R If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and human behavior. [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R] /F3 23 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] endobj Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R] Rationality and the reflective mind . Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. /Resources << "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. >> This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. /Type /Page /Tabs /S /CS /DeviceRGB [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. Social cognition// Heuristics Flashcards by Ellie Brown - Brainscape First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. These shortcuts include the use of heuristicsOpens in new window, schemasOpens in new window, stereotypesOpens in new window, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. meaning, it reduces uncertainty and helps us to predict social behaviours /S /Transparency In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U 5*#H-B^]gOh #xQfy%^0X(?N,S )? /ParentTreeNextKey 13 Heuristics are one way that we save resources. The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. >> The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. /Type /ExtGState endobj social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert What is the power of single vivid instances? /ParentTree 19 0 R ]}|Mb7*_JH G]$@6=/}Cuqpm ~^n#KJGX+]'4T5.$-g-'A/u3= kq^L%D-fU_gH,P(VZZi(c5T/W i4SUk^] H/r*5F[r &w0+p\G&:'5%DQm 8uhR6. /Diagram /Figure /Subtype /Type0 /F1 21 0 R How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term /Header /Sect >> [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. /S /Transparency [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R >> Jonathan A. . endobj Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. /Type /Font 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit Categories are in some way ultimate heuristics, they can be >> The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /Resources << How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? >> /LastChar 239 stream It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. Cognitive miser Wikipedia Republished // WIKI 2 Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. What is an internal versus an external attribution? 11 0 obj >> Fugelsang . [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. 27 0 obj Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. /Font << How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? /Textbox /Sect makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. /Resources << -Door in the face: have someone respond negatively to a negative request, then positively to a smaller one as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category traits associated with the stereotype. /Parent 2 0 R self-interest), BUT even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors, people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts, MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs, e.g. Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. /GS8 28 0 R /Type /Font When does it occur? Identify three specific concepts that support the logic of each philosophical anthropology (you should be discussing a total of 9 supporting concepts). \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ /Type /StructElem >> /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R /Group << Social Psychology 1 Flashcards 70413 lego - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. 2 . -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic economic zones to fisheries. /Parent 2 0 R [5][6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies >> [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What is the best treatment for groupthink? What is the actor-observer bias? Greed, Lust And Gender: A History Of Economic Ideas [PDF] [288oj5lhbhmg] What is the probability that he will be a good president?" 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 obj endobj What is social facilitation? 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 Cognitive miser - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia /Type /Group [10][pageneeded] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. Psych Guide #11 - Social Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet /S /Transparency 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R -Tied to these beliefs Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. PDF Chapter 1: Introduction - SAGE Publications Inc [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. /F3 23 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 /CS /DeviceRGB CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com> /StructParents 3 /F2 22 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 18 0 obj Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature