Authors Daniela Schwotzer 1 , Andrew Gigliotti 1 , Hammad Irshad 1 , Wendy Dye 1 , Jacob McDonald 1 Affiliation It is sparingly used in food colors and flavorings. Propylene Glycol Revision Date 24-Dec-2021 Viscosity 45 mPa.s at 20 °C Molecular Formula C3 H8 O2 Molecular Weight 76.10 10. Propylene glycol ( IUPAC name: propane-1,2-diol) is a viscous, colorless liquid, which is nearly odorless but possesses a faintly sweet taste. Viscosity control: Propylene glycol is used to reduce the thickness of cosmetic formulations and products. Abstract Propylene Glycol The following is information on the currently registered uses of propylene glycol products and an overview of use sites and application methods. Food Chem Toxicol 1989; 27: 573-583. Decades before the e cigarette was invented, a study was conducted by Dr. Robertson of the . When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. Exposure controls Ventilation and engineering measures: Use in a well-ventilated area. A detailed table of the uses of propylene glycol eligible for reregistration is contained in Appendix A. by Therese Burkhardt, Nikola Pluym, Gerhard Scherer. Ethylene Glycol 107-21-1 Hazard Summary Ethylene glycol has many uses, including as antifreeze in cooling and heating systems, in hydraulic brake fluids, and as a solvent. Ivermectin (with Propylene Glycol) Formula-tion Version 2.4 Revision Date: 27.08.2021 SDS Number: 4710375-00006 Date of last issue: 09.04.2021 Date of first issue: 30.07.2019 2 / 23 H371 May cause damage to organs. The PG works well as an emulsifier to keep the ingredients of the e-liquid mixed together. Chamblee, GA 30341-3717. -A Germ-Killing Vapor -Deposition and Fate of Inhaled Ethylene Glycol Vapor and Condensation Aerosol in the Rat -Two-week aerosol inhalation study on polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350 in F-344 rats. No pertinent data were located regarding health effects of propylene glycol in humans following oral or inhalation exposure. Werley MS, McDonald P, Lilly P, et al. Effect of the inhalation of a surface tension-reducing substance (propylene glycol) on the ultrastructure of epithelium of the respiratory passages in rabbits Folia Morphol (Praha) . Propylene glycol used as an excipient EMA/CHMP/334655/2013 Page 5/97 While propylene glycol is generally considered safe as a food additive, concerns have been raised repeatedly with regard to potential toxicity of propylene glycol and its acidic metabolites in patients following pharmacologic exposure. Archived IRIS Summary (PDF) (5 pp, 89 K) . Skin • Aerosol mixtures showed only limited biological effects with no toxicity. As an inert ingredient, propylene glycol is formulated into end- Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. 79. Phytol, not propylene glycol, causes severe pulmonary injury after inhalation dosing in Sprague-Dawley rats Inhal Toxicol. f Exposure can cause headache, dizziness, lightheadedness, and passing out. When freshly prepared, propylene glycol dinitrate is a colorless liquid with a disagreeable odor. (PROPYLENE GLYCOL 35% INHIBITED) PAGE 3 of 9 5 - FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES GENERAL FIRE HAZARDS: .. Fire fighters to wear self-contained breathing apparatus and suitable protective clothing if risk of exposure to vapor or products of combustion. 1,2-dihydroxypropane; methylethylene glycol; monopropylene glycol; 1,2-propanediol, 1,2-propylene glycol; 1,2-propylenglycol. Propylene glycol has been used in many everyday products for a very long time. Propylene glycol is a synthetic food additive that belongs to the same chemical group as alcohol. 108-65-6 Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate 85-100 110-43- Methyl n-amyl ketone 0-1 * * * Section 4 - First Aid Measures * * * Description of Necessary Measures Inhalation IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Propylene glycol is of low inherent toxicity in rats and dogs after repeated oral exposure, while cats show species-specific hematological changes in red blood cells (other tissues Propylene glycol was selected because it is a high production volume chemi-cal and there is widespread human exposure. A fruity odor is evolved. Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO 888-232-6348 (TTY) Email: Contact CDC-INFO. 3. In vitro work has shown that propylene oxide hydrolyses significantly more rapidly in human synthetic gastric juice (pH 1.48; half-life ~2 minutes) than in rat synthetic gastric juice (pH 4.8; half-life > 2 hours). Human: Low molecular weight glycol ethers are capable ofpenetrating the skin. Conditions to Avoid Incompatible products. PROPYLENE GLYCOL. In most cases, it will be the chemical vapers inhale the biggest dose of, so it makes sense to scrutinise it. The side effects of prolonged inhalation of propylene glycol found in room deodorizers can cause irritation of the mucous membranes, wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath. The side effects of prolonged inhalation of propylene glycol found in room deodorizers can cause irritation of the mucous membranes, wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath. PROPYLENE GLYCOL: ICSC: 0321 (April 2014) 1,2-Propanediol Methyl ethylene glycol 1,2-Dihydroxypropane: CAS #: 57-55-6 EC Number: 200-338- ACUTE HAZARDS PREVENTION . f Propylene Glycol can cause nausea and vomiting. LD50, Rabbit, > 20,000 mg/kg Acute inhalation toxicity At room temperature, exposure to vapor is minimal due to low volatility. Stage 2 (the cardiopulmonary stage) occurs between 12 and 24 hours after ingestion. 2021 Jan 13;1-8. doi: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1867260. Although few studies relating to PG inhalation in humans in the context of vaping-related use are available, there are many studies on other modes of administration. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. 2 yr. ago 9/5/2013. Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to filtered air (sham), propylene glycol/water (PG/W; 90:10) or a propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin/water (PG/VG/W; 50:40:10) reference. 57-55-6 100% Propylene glycol 4 FIRST AID MEASURES If inhaled, move person to fresh air. Immediately flush eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting eyelids occasionally to facilitate irrigation. Propylene glycol (PG) is a petroleum-based, colorless, creamy liquid with a faintly sweet taste; it's used as a solvent to absorb extra water or maintain moisture in certain medicines, cosmetics, and food products. This study is from 1940. Get medical attention if symptoms occur. Excess heat. Propylene glycol 10 mg/m³ (AIHA N/Av N/Av N/Av WEEL) *Note: The ACGIH TLV listed above for Propylene glycol is an AIHA WEEL. OSHA versatile sampler (OVS-7) - 13 mm XAD-7 tube (270/140 mg) with GFF enclosed (no longer available) [SKC 226-57] Media no longer available. Equal numbers of control animals were maintained under physically similar conditions. If symptoms persist, call a physician. This can be done by using higher nicotine levels so that you can vape less frequently, with fewer inhalations each time. Thick odorless colorless liquid. CBD Hemp Oil Vape Cartridges with Propylene Glycol. Reference Dose for Oral Exposure (RfD) Archived on: 12/10/2018 Not assessed under the IRIS Program. Chronic Health Effects The following chronic (long-term) health effects can occur at some time after exposure to Propylene Glycol and can last for months or years: Cancer Hazard Ingestion of propylene glycol could cause irritation, burning sensations to the throat and mouth, nausea and vomiting. inhalation route. Consult a physician. Acute (short-term) exposure of humans to ethylene glycol by ingesting large quantities causes three stages of health effects: central nervous system (CNS) depression, followed by The principal constituents of most e-liquids are the solvents, propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol, which generally comprise 90% or more of the mass, and are present in ratios ranging from 0:100 to 100:0. Skin ContactWash off immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Ethylene glycol is the subject of a separate monograph. Product name: DOWFROST™ RV INHIBITED PROPYLENE GLYCOL FLUID Issue Date: 04/21/2015 Page 6 of 10 For the major component(s): Propylene glycol. During evaluation of the potential for adverse health effects associ ated with long-term inhalation of aerosols of PG and/or Incredibly old news. Max Scherer * ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstr. Its chemical formula is CH 3 CH (OH)CH 2 OH. Groups of male and female Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0,300, 1,000, or 3,000 ppm vapor from 1 week to 2 years. Propylene glycol is used to make artificial smoke and mists for fire safety training, theatrical performances, and rock concerts. Dissolve in 20 ml of acetone while heating, add 0.02 g of active carbon, stir, and filter. . 3. Local irritation and hypersensitivity reactions may occur (Trancik & Maibach . Propylene glycol is one of the primary ingredients in e-liquid, but even before it was used to make electronic cigarettes, Dr. Robertson was testing its effects by inhalation. Further information can be obtained by contacting the ATSDR Information Center at: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 84 The products of thermal degradation are also toxic. Ethylene glycol toxicity is categorized into three broad overlapping stages of adverse health effects. While it can still be harmful, propylene glycol is not as toxic as ethylene glycol, so accidental inhalation or ingestion would be not as disastrous to humans or animals. "Propylene glycol, the primary ingredient in the electronic cigarette cartridge, may be a powerful deterrent against pneumonia, influenza, and other respiratory diseases when vaporized and inhaled according to a study by Dr. Oswald Hope Robertson. There were no significant differences in respiratory rates, minute volumes or tidal volumes between any of the groups during aerosol exposure. During evaluation of the potential for adverse health effects associ ated with long-term inhalation of aerosols of PG and/or InhalationRemove to fresh air. Lastly - and this is the reason we know about propylene glycol - it is used in e-liquids for vaping. Since then, we implement propylene glycol in hospital air vents to prevent the spread of disease. Eye injury is possible only for the lowest . Groups of nineteen Sprague-Dawley rats of each sex were exposed by a nose-only inhalation to 0.0, 0.16, 1.0 or 2.2 mg propylene glycol/litre air, for 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 90 days. It should be noted that regular use of skin . inhalation study of propylene glycol in Sprague-Dawley rats. Exposure to this substance affects blood pressure, causes methemoglobinuria and respiratory toxicity, injures liver and kidney tissues, and distorts vision. or cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, dermal, ocular, or metabolic effects in animals after inhalation exposure to propylene glycol. Reference Concentration for Inhalation Exposure (RfC) Archived on: 12/10/2018 Stage 3 (the renal stage) occurs between 24 and 72 hours after ingestion. Though propylene glycol is considered to be safe if it is present in minimal amount in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics, it becomes a health hazard if exposure to this chemical is large by way of ingestion or by inhalation. Using microarray lung transcriptomics analysis . and . With an assumption of complete absorption via inhalation, Burstyn concluded that "estimated levels of exposure to propylene glycol and glycerin are close enough to TLV to warrant concern." However, putting these values in perspective with the clinical data from intravenous administration of PG in adults may be useful. In the event that you have a sensitivity to PG, there are PG-free e-liquids. Dipropylene glycol is produced as a byproduct of the manufacture of propylene glycol. Ingestion of large amounts could cause metabolic acidosis. 9.2.2 Inhalation Not relevant 9.2.3 Skin exposure Most of the reported cases are of sub-acute poisoning, since toxicity was observed usually after several days of of administration of propylene glycol as a solvent in oral, parenteral or topical formulations of drugs. Oral exposure to propylene oxide is likely to result in hydrolysis to propylene glycol in the stomach. f Inhaling Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/or shortness of breath. OSHA VPEL PROPYLENE GLYCOL - Aerosol Ceiling 100mg/m3 ACGIH TLV Engineering Controls: Maintain sufficient mechanical (general and/or local exhaust) ventilation to maintain exposure below TLVs. Propylene glycol used as an excipient EMA/CHMP/334655/2013 Page 5/97 While propylene glycol is generally considered safe as a food additive, concerns have been raised repeatedly with regard to potential toxicity of propylene glycol and its acidic metabolites in patients following pharmacologic exposure. A series of inhalation studies with propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) vapor were undertaken to characterize its subchronic toxicity in mice and chronic toxicity/oncogenicity in rats and mice. Stage 1 (the neurological stage) lasts from 30 minutes to 12 hours after ingestion. You can easily have anemia without knowing it; it can be diagnosed with a blood test. Chemsrc provides Propylene Glycol(CAS#:57-55-6) MSDS, density, melting point, boiling point, structure, formula, molecular weight etc. -Product Safety Assessment- Propylene Glycol -Ethylene Glycol Toxicity -Ethylene Glycol- Wikipedia -Are Electronic Cigarettes Safe? Propylene glycol, the primary ingredient in the electronic cigarette cartridge, may be a powerful deterrent against pneumonia, influenza, and other respiratory diseases when vaporized and inhaled . People who work in industries that use propylene glycol may be exposed by touching these products or inhaling mists from spraying them. Articles of Propylene Glycol are included as well. Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) metabolism, disposition, and short-term vapor inhalation toxicity studies Full Record Related Research Abstract Male Fischer 344 rats were given a single po dose of approximately 8.7 mmol/kg of (1-14C)propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) or exposed to 3000 ppm (1-14C)PGMEA for 6 hr. Ninety-day rat inhalation study to assess toxicity of e-cigarette liquid components. Propylene glycol is a mostly tasteless, colorless liquid with a creamy consistency, and you may see it referred to as "propane-1, 2-diol" or even "PG" on ingredient labels and other sources. 1. 1978;26(1):28-34. Exposure to moist air or water. In case of any severe allergic symptoms, it is best to consult an expert immediately. Get medical attention if needed. Cancer Prevention Research published a 2019 study: "Vaping propylene glycol and vegetable glycerine may lead to lung inflammation."The conclusion was that people who vaped had higher concentrations of chemicals associated with lung inflammation. PG is paired with vegetable glycerin (VG) to form the base of all e-liquids. He suspected that this powerful ingredient could potentially be helpful for treating respiratory diseases, influenza, and even pneumonia. Chemical Identity Type Exposure Limit Values Source PROPYLENE GLYCOL Ceiling 50 PPM 125mg/m3 US. First-aid measures Eye ContactRinse immediately with plenty of water, also under the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes. Overall propylene glycol is of low . Vapers who wish to reduce the potential harm possible through PG inhalation can simply minimize the amount of it that they inhale. Propylene glycol is used in antibacterial lotion, and hand sanitizer liquids. 1,2-Propylene Glycol: A Biomarker of Exposure Specific to e-Cigarette Consumption . Mist may cause irritation of upper respiratory tract (nose and throat). Pest (fleas, mites, red lice, and various bacteria and viruses) control for pets (cats, dogs, and birds) is also a major active use for propylene glycol. but mild eye and nasal irritation were noted in rats following sub-chronic exposure to high concentrations of propylene glycol aerosol. Abstract. These exposures tend to be at low levels, however. This can cause anemia. It should be noted that regular use of skin . Allergic reactions and respiratory problems might be the result of an acute exposure in atopic people. His paper did use "worst-case" assumptions, but we can't ignore this point entirely. Propylene glycol is designated as a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) food additive by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), where it is approved for use as a direct food ingredient (FDA, 1982). Online ahead of print. Thus indicating that, the inhalation of propylene glycol in e-cigarettes at the low concentrations used appears to be safe. Plus, it works well as a product that can be vapourised and inhaled. • Aerosolized mixtures of propylene glycol and glycerin with and without nicotine. Propylene Glycol 56-55-6 200-338- >99.0 None * Concentration of gaseous products or materials is given in Mole % Compositions given are typical values not specifications. 15. (2) With 2－3 drops of Propylene Glycol, mix 0.7 g triphenylchloromethane, add 1 ml of pyridine, heat with a reflux condenser on a water bath for an hour, and cool. With a view to determining the safety of employing the vapors of propylene glycol and triethylene glycol in atmospheres inhabited by human beings, monkeys and rats were exposed continuously to high concentrations of these vapors for periods of 12 to 18 months. compared to the amount of propylene glycol inhaled from-cigarettes which is in the range of 4.29mg/kg/day to 6.43mg/ kg/day. @article{osti_5829736, title = {Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and propylene glycol monomethyl ether: metabolism, disposition, and subchronic inhalation toxicity studies}, author = {Miller, R R and Hermann, E A and Young, J T and Landry, T D and Calhoun, L L}, abstractNote = {Short-term and subchronic vapor inhalation studies have shown that there are pronounced differences in the . propylene glycol and ethylene glycol for expert panel review. The reference group was added at the high dose to observe any changes that might be associated with a carrier more in line with e-vapor products. Chronic . The United States (US) production capacity of dipropylene glycol (i.e., byproduct production capacities of propylene glycol plants) was 131 million pounds (60 thousand tonnes) in 1998. Therefore, systemic exposure to propylene glycol t-butyl ether may result/rom dermal contact. It is miscible with a broad range of solvents, including water, acetone, and chloroform. The US Domestic demand in 1998 was 108 million pounds (49 thousand tonnes). Containing two alcohol groups, it is classed as a diol. Propylene glycol is completely water soluble, which means that it will totally dissolve in water. 1,2-Propylene glycol 57-55-6 >95 4. Long term tests of the effects on ingesting . 83 PGME polymers have been found to be toxic in animals upon inhalation of mechanically generated mists. SECTION 8: EXPOSURE CONTROLS/ PERSONAL PROTECTION Chemical Name: PROPYLENE GLYCOL, USP CAS #: 57-55-6 TWA Ceiling STEL REL IDLH Remarks OSHA PEL N/L - ACGIH TLV N/L - NIOSH N/L - AIHA WEEL 10 mg/m³ N/L - Safe Work Australia HSIS 150 ppm; 474 mg/m³ N/L - total vapour and particulates HSE 150 ppm; 474 mg/m³ N/L - total vapour and particulates H373 May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. Through the randomized clinical trial of healthy never-smokers over a month, we found that an increase in urinary propylene glycol, a marker of inhalation-e-cig intake, was significantly correlated. Propylene glycol, while it has many uses, is even used as a solvent for intravenous injections of medicines like Dilantin. 8 Polyethylene-propylene glycol, monobutyl ether 9 Poly (ethylene glycol-co-propylene glycol) 10 monobutyl ether Teritol™ XD Surfactant . Routes of exposure Effects of short-term exposure The substance is mildly irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. immediately or shortly after exposure to Propylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether: f Contact can irritate the skin and eyes. It is a colorless, odorless, slightly syrupy liquid that is a bit thicker than water. Use general or local exhaust ventilation to maintain air concentrations below recommended exposure limits. Inhalation of the vapors of propylene glycol may present no significant hazard in ordinary applications, but limited human experiences indicate that its mists may be irritating to some individuals [Dow Chemical, 2006]. The list below is incomplete—vape oil products are continually being introduced and in some cases rebranded. Estimated levels of exposure to propylene glycol and glycerine are close enough to [workplace limits] to warrant concern. Project CBD research associate Eric Geisterfer conducted a limited survey of cannabis vape oil and CBD hemp vape oil cartridges. Propylene glycol is used as a chemical inter-mediate in the manufacture of unsaturated Stability and reactivity Reactive Hazard None known, based on information available Stability Hygroscopic. Products containing propylene glycol can cause mild eye and skin reactions whereas acute workplace exposures may lead to severe health hazards. Propylene glycol dinitrate can also cause headache and incoordination. Several of these products were found to include propylene glycol as an additive. Propylene glycol is less toxic than ethylene glycol, which is the primary ingredient found in most standard antifreeze products. Wash with soap and water. f Exposure can cause headache, dizziness, lightheadedness, and passing out. Propylene glycol is used in air sanitization and hard surface disinfection and dipropylene glycol is used in air sanitization. Groups of nineteen Sprague-Dawley rats of each sex were exposed by a nose-only inhalation to 0.0, 0.16, 1.0 or 2.2 mg propylene glycol/litre air, for 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 90 days. Symptoms may include tiredness, weakness, and shortness of breath, especially during or just after exercise. Concentrate the filtrate to about 10 ml, and cool. 2.0 HEALTH EFFECTS 2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure 2.2.1.5 This helps them spread across the skin better, and it also improves how well the products are absorbed. 4770 Buford Highway. HOWEVER, the study itself concedes that this was a small and inconclusive test.. Journal of Clinical Investigation published a 2019 study: "PG . Ingestion of propylene glycol could cause irritation, burning sensations to the throat and mouth, nausea and vomiting. No other data were found on the acute, prechronic, chronic, carcinogenic, reproductive or teratogenic effects of propylene glycol t-butyl ether in humans. • Adding nicotine to the aerosol mixtures resulted in effects previously reported. Propylene glycol CASRN 57-55-6 | DTXSID0021206. Secondly this study only analyzed the short term effect of propylene glycol only for 4days. Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences. Type of Pesticide: Bacteriostat, Fungistat Summary of Use Sites: glycol ethers (but not propylene glycol ethers) can damage red blood cells or damage the bone marrow, where blood cells are formed. The principal constituents of most e-liquids are the solvents, propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol, which generally comprise 90% or more of the mass, and are present in ratios ranging from 0:100 to 100:0. The highest NOAEL values and all reliable LOAEL values for systemic effects in each species and duration category for propylene glycol after inhalation exposure are reported in Table 2-1 and plotted in Fig ure 2-1. To specifically dissect the impact of repeated propylene glycol and glycerol inhalation using an electronic cigarette device, we exposed mice to vapors of nicotine‐free and flavor‐free propylene glycol and glycerol generated using a commercially available electronic cigarette for up to 8 weeks. Propylene glycol is used as an emollient because it forms an oily layer on the skin, and prevents water loss. OSHA VPEL PROPYLENE GLYCOL - Aerosol Ceiling 100mg/m3 ACGIH TLV Engineering Controls: Maintain sufficient mechanical (general and/or local exhaust) ventilation to maintain exposure below TLVs. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Non-clinical safety. Chemical Identity Type Exposure Limit Values Source PROPYLENE GLYCOL Ceiling 50 PPM 125mg/m3 US. It has been the focus of controversy ever since its introduction in the 1960s. Top of Page. H410 Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.