This average was cited as the greatest achievement by any sportsman in any major sport, derived from the research done by a statistician named Charles Davis. [150] He gave the keynote speech at the historic Centenary Test at Melbourne in 1977.[151]. Um filho morreu quando criana, enquanto outro ficou afetado pela . [14] Bradman left school in 1922 and went to work for a local real estate agent who encouraged his sporting pursuits by giving him time off when necessary. [232] Also, he became the top 5 ranking batsman in all formats in the world. Despite his absence, England employed what were already becoming known as the Bodyline tactics against the Australian batsmen and won an ill-tempered match. The story of his beginnings is considered a part of Australian folklore. Search and browse yearbooks online! [27] He was appointed vice-captain for the 1934 tour of England. Try again later. He compared the number of standard deviations that stood above the average for athletes given sport. [15] He chose cricket. A complex, highly driven man, not given to close personal relationships,[6] Bradman retained a pre-eminent position in the game by acting as an administrator, selector and writer for three decades following his retirement. She was married to Don Bradman. Don and Jessie Bradman had 3 children, but family life was difficult. No animated GIFs, photos with additional graphics (borders, embellishments. He scored 110 on his debut, making his first century on a turf wicket. On 16 June 1979, the Australian government awarded Bradman the nation's second-highest civilian honour at that time, Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), "in recognition of service to the sport of cricket and cricket administration". [94], In the First Test, England amassed a big first innings score and looked likely to win, but Stan McCabe made 232 for Australia, a performance Bradman rated as the best he had ever seen. England declared on the last morning of the game, setting Australia a world record 404 runs to win in only 345minutes on a heavily worn wicket. As of June 2014, Don Omar's net worth is an estimated 22.5 Initially, he continued working in real estate, but later took a promotions job with the sporting goods retailer Mick Simmons Ltd. At that time he was called . How to Make a Disposable Vape Last Longer? Gold collection of Russian and Soviet movies with subtitles for learning Russian language. Failed to delete memorial. Please enter your email address and we will send you an email with a reset password code. Caught on a sticky wicket, Australia were all out for 66 in the second innings and lost by 675runs (still a Test record). "Nevertheless, the Secretaryship of the Melbourne Cricket Club was, and indeed, still is one of the most attractive jobs in the world of Australian cricket", Williams (1996) pp 205206. Furthermore, there is no more information about his further studies. He loved playing cricket as a little boy and devised a game of solo cricket to play by himself when he could not find other boys to play with. In 193031, against the first West Indian side to visit Australia, Bradman's scoring was more sedate than in Englandalthough he did make 223 in 297minutes in the Third Test at Brisbane and 152 in 154minutes in the following Test at Melbourne. [38] Bradman dominated the Australian innings; the second-highest tally was 77 by Alan Kippax. With Bradman now retired from professional cricket, RC Robertson-Glasgow wrote of the English reaction "a miracle has been removed from among us. Jessie Martha Menzies (1932/04/30 - 1997/09/15) Children. The Second World War ate up the golden period of his career. Post comment . He gave up cricket in favour of tennis for two years, but resumed playing cricket in 192526. According to Bradman,"Without Jessie, I would never have achieved what I achieved". From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, "Bradman Digital Library: Essay by Michael Page", "2nd Test Australia v England, match report", "Question: What were the difficulties faced in Sir Donald Bradmans life? Bjarne Aagaard Strm ( Venstre ), Norra Stortingi asendusliige. Don and Jessie Bradman had 3 children, but family life was difficult. [62] With the support of the MCC, England continued with Bodyline despite Australian protests. how many times greater is 0.0015 then 750.0. They are that the person conducts his of her life with dignity, with integrity, courage, and perhaps most of all, with modesty. [79], "The effect of the announcement was little short of spectacular". Moving towards his marital status, he is a happily married man. Competing on matting-over-concrete pitches, Bowral played other rural towns in the Berrima District competition. They devised a two-year contract whereby Bradman wrote for Associated Newspapers, broadcast on Radio 2UE and promoted the menswear retailing chain FJ Palmer and Son. Miss Mavis Davidson gave a humorous reclta, Nov 26 1931 - Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. [189][190] The relationship between Bradman and his wider family is less clear, although nine months after Bradman's death, his nephew Paul Bradman criticised him as a "snob" and a "loner" who forgot his connections in Bowral and who failed to attend the funerals of Paul's mother and father. In the Third Test, at Leeds, Bradman scored a century before lunch on 11 July, the first day of the Test match to equal the performances of Victor Trumper and Charlie Macartney. No, the Williams sisters", http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2007/sep/16/comment.news1, "Sir Donald Bradman, 92, Cricket Legend, Dies", http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906E2DC1638F934A15751C0A9679C8B63, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,101355,00.html, http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/almanack/index.html, Some images of Don Bradman, including some showing Don Bradman's batting technique, Australia national cricket team selectors, Australian Cricket Hall of Fame inductees, Cricket players and officials awarded knighthoods, Infectious disease deaths in South Australia, International Cricket Council Hall of Fame inductees, Highest career batting average (minimum 20 innings):99.94, Highest series batting average (5Test series):201.50 (193132), Highest ratio of centuries per innings played:36.25% (29centuries from 80innings), Highest 5th wicket partnership:405 (with Sid Barnes, 194647), Highest 6th wicket partnership:346 (with Jack Fingleton, 193637), Highest score by a number5 batsman:304 (1934), Highest score by a number7 batsman:270 (193637), Most runs against one opponent:5,028 (v England), Most centuries scored in a single session of play:6 (1pre lunch, 2lunch-tea, 3tea-stumps), Most double centuries in a series:3 (1930), Most consecutive matches in which he made a century:6 (the last three Tests in 193637, and the first three Tests in 1938). The Melbourne Cricket Club advertised the position of club secretary and he was led to believe that if he applied, he would get the job. Bowral High School; Died Feb 25, 2001 Kensington Park Their . The story that the young Bradman practised alone with a cricket stump and a golf ball is part of Australian folklore. Along with meeting George Best, bowling to Bradman is the greatest moment of my life. 1920 : 1920 : Introduction - Meet Jessie Menzies, her father james was school friend of Emily Bradman. Although modest about his own abilities and generous in his praise of other cricketers, Bradman was fully aware of the talents he possessed as a player;[165] there is some evidence that he sought to influence his legacy. Australia; Profession. His unbeaten 103 (from 146balls) in a team total of 191 helped set England a target of 251 to win. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/sir-donald-bradman-5428.php. [149] Lady Bradman died in 1997, aged 88, from cancer. Facing the wrist-spin of Eric Hollies, Bradman pushed forward to the second ball that he faced, was deceived by a googly, and bowled between bat and pad for a duck. A Melbourne journalist, Geoffrey Tebbutt wrote that Bradman did not even offer a round of drinks to his teammates. You can always change this later in your Account settings. He received a standing ovation from the crowd and three cheers from the opposition. [8] and their third child (Shirley, born 1941) had cerebral palsy since birth.[9]. The story of a self-taught 22-year-old from the bush who set a series of records against the old rival made Bradman a national hero. He scored 29 test centuries, which was a world record at that time. How do we create a person's profile? He was made a Knight Bachelor in 1949 in recognition of his services to cricket, becoming the only Australian cricketer to be so honored. Jessie Martha Bradman (born Menzies) in MyHeritage family trees (champion Web Site) Lady Jessie Martha Bradman in Morning Bulletin (Rockhampton, QLD) - May 2 1932 Lady Jessie Martha Bradman in Scone Advocate (NSW) - Nov 20 1931 Lady Jessie Martha Bradman in Examiner (Launceston, TAS) - May 2 1932 Please enter your email and password to sign in. or don't show this againI am good at figuring things out. He resumed stockbroking during 1942. [81] Cricket author Chris Harte's analysis of the situation is that a prior (unspecified) commercial agreement forced Bradman to remain in Australia. University of Northern Iowa - Old Gold Yearbook (Cedar Falls, IA), Class of 1928, Page 347 of 354 | E-Yearbook.com has the largest online yearbook collection of college, university, high school, middle school, junior high school, military, naval cruise books and yearbooks. He played Test cricket for 20 years and retired in 1948. Education, Net Worth & More. Share your comments about this record. Bradman met Jessie Martha Menzies in 1920 and they were married in 1932. He travelled with his wife, and the couple treated the trip as a honeymoon. In partnership with Arthur Morris (182), Bradman reeled off 173 not out and the match was won with 15minutes to spare. Bodyline plucked something vibrant from his art. This page uses content from the English language. The couple married at St Paul's Anglican Church at Burwood, Sydney on 30 April 1932. Yes, Carolyn Jones married to Peter Bailey-Britton in 1982. [92] Australia's achievement of winning a series after losing the first two Tests has, of 1997, not been equalled in Test cricket. [9], Donald Bradman was the youngest son of George and Emily (ne Whatman) Bradman, and was born on 27 August 1908 at Cootamundra, New South Wales (NSW). Via Wikimedia Commons at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Don_Bradman_1930.jpg. The constant glare of celebrity and the tribulations of the season forced Bradman to reappraise his life outside the game and to seek a career away from his cricketing fame. [80], Australia defeated South Africa 40 and senior players such as Bill O'Reilly were pointed in their comments about the enjoyment of playing under Richardson's captaincy. Now working alongside some of the men he had battled in the 1930s, Bradman quickly became a leading light in the administration of the game. When Jessie Martha Menzies was born on 11 June 1909, in Bowral, New South Wales, Australia, her father, James Menzies, was 37 and her mother, Lilly Elizabeth Kell, was 30. In bodyline, England put a lot of fielders on the leg side, so Bradman had the idea of moving backwards to hit the ball on the off side, where there were few fielders. The crowd fell into stunned silence as he walked off. Mookie Betts played his first game in Dodgers Blue. He was married to Jessie Martha Menzies for 65 years. He left his school in 1922 and gave up cricket for Tennis but later in 1925, he resumed. 65 . Bradman said on many occasions how important his wife was, once saying "I would never have achieved what I achieved without Jessie". With his elegant batting technique, Jackson appeared the brighter prospect of the pair. [5] Following an enforced hiatus, due to the Second World War, he made a dramatic comeback, captaining an Australian team known as "The Invincibles" on a record-breaking unbeaten tour of England. Although their characters on Get Smart were married, the two actors never were. The next best is Brian Lara with 9 in 232innings (4%), Walter Hammond with 7 in 140innings (5%) and Kumar Sangakkara 6 in 110innings (5%). He formed an alliance with Australian captain Richie Benaud, seeking more attractive play,[154] with some success. Donald was born on August 27 1908, in 89 Adams Street , Cootamundra, NSW, Australia. Quixote. Before his 22nd birthday, he had set many records for high scoring, some of which still stand, and became Australia's sporting idol at the height of the Great Depression. [212] Bradman scored centuries at a rate better than one every three inningsin 80Test innings, Bradman scored 29centuries. By the end of play, he was 205 not out, on his way to 225. [133] Bradman made it known that he wanted to go through the tour unbeaten,[51] a feat never accomplished, before or since. Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! For NSW against the tourists, he made 30, 135 and 219. Son of Sir Donald Bradman and Lady Jessie Martha Bradman According to his birth chart, he was born under the Virgo zodiac sign. [67], In his farewell season for NSW, Bradman averaged 132.44, his best yet. [25] It was to be the only run out of his Test career. If you own the rights to any of the images and do not wish them to appear on the site please contact us, and they will be promptly removed! Aside from two years in the early 1950s, he filled a selector's berth for the Test team between 1936 and 1971. You may not upload any more photos to this memorial, This photo was not uploaded because this memorial already has 20 photos, This photo was not uploaded because you have already uploaded 5 photos to this memorial, This photo was not uploaded because this memorial already has 30 photos, This photo was not uploaded because you have already uploaded 15 photos to this memorial. Bradman's career Test batting average of 99.94 has been cited as the greatest achievement by any sportsman in any major sport. The service was attended by a host of former and current Test cricketers, as well as Australia's then prime minister, John Howard, leader of the opposition Kim Beazley and former prime minister Bob Hawke. Don Bradman and Jessie Martha Menzies married April 30, Use Escape keyboard button or the Close button to close the carousel. The sponsor of a memorial may add an additional. [193] His backswing kept his hands in close to the body, leaving him perfectly balanced and able to change his stroke mid-swing, if need be. Often, especially at the start of the innings, he played where the ball wasn't, and spectators rubbed their eyes. His Test batting average stood at 101.39. Surprisingly, in light of his batting prowess, a routine army test revealed that Bradman had poor eyesight. [106] Bradman totalled 21first-class centuries in 34innings, from the beginning of the 1938 tour of England (including preliminary games in Australia) until early 1939. Against England (Test 1928) FAMOUS FROM/AS. In this match, Bradman faced the leg theory and later warned local administrators that trouble was brewing if it continued. She died on September 14, 1997 in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license. [2], Australian newspapers described this way of bowling as "bodyline", because the balls were often aimed fast at the body. I thought you might like to see a memorial for Jessie Martha Menzies Bradman I found on Findagrave.com. [112] The RAAF had more recruits than it could equip and train and Bradman spent four months in Adelaide before the Governor-General of Australia, Lord Gowrie, persuaded Bradman to transfer to the army, a move that was criticised as a safer option for him. Despite his waning powers, Bradman compiled 11 centuries on the tour, amassing 2,428 runs (average89.92). The tactic was considered to be intimidatory and physically threatening. [56] In three first-class games against England before the Tests, Bradman averaged just 17.16 in 6innings. [186], Bradman's reclusiveness in later life is partly attributable to the on-going health problems of his wife, particularly following the open-heart surgery Jessie underwent in her 60s. ", "Just a few tears as Miller's tale celebrated", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Bradman&oldid=8619729, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, The Don, The Boy from Bowral, Braddles, the White. Sir Donald George Bradman a fost un cricketer australian salutat ca cel mai mare btrn de test din toate timpurile. Family members linked to this person will appear here. His fame was such that the church was besieged by hundreds of uninvited onlookers. Spelling. [1] Bradman did not play in the first Test Match of the tour, which led some people to think this was because his had suffered a nervous breakdown. But he was soon transferred to the army and given the rank of Lieutenant. [44], On the tour, the dynamic nature of Bradman's batting contrasted sharply with his quiet, solitary off-field demeanour. Despite the pressure of captaincy, Bradman's batting form remained supreme. Oops, we were unable to send the email. Australia levelled the series when the erratic[91] left-arm spinner "Chuck" Fleetwood-Smith bowled Australia to victory. 1932. Not to each other, anyway. Australian fast bowler Jeff Thomson said that bowling to Bradman was one of his "greatest moments". John Bradman; Shirley Bradman; Ethnicity. But very sadly a few days later he died. However, when he returned to London to prepare for the trip home, he experienced severe abdominal pain. Due to his performance, he was dropped for the twelfth player. [152] In 1980, he resigned from the ACB, to lead a more secluded life. login . based on information from your browser. We have set your language to [175], A memorial service to mark Bradman's life was held on 25 March 2001 at St Peter's Anglican Cathedral, Adelaide. For Bradman, it was the most personally fulfilling period of his playing days, as the divisiveness of the 1930s had passed. Greene, and Lastly to Peter Baily-Birttion. Biographical Summaries of Notable People . With an unbelievably high career Test batting average of 99.94, he figures among the greatest sportsmen to have played any major sport. [71] He went on to make 140, with the last 90runs coming in just 45minutes. Even though his performance in his test debut was poor he displayed his potential in the third test of the series scoring 79 and 112, and thus becoming the youngest player at the time to make a Test century. Sorry! He finished the season with 369 (in 233minutes), a South Australian record, made against Tasmania. Are you sure that you want to delete this photo? Don Bradman was considered the greatest batsman of all time because of the records he holds till now. He also had a daughter born with cerebral palsy. His batting average was 100 but in his last Test match against England on August 14, 1948, he got out on 0, so his final batting average before retiring dropped to 99.94. The unusually high number of fast bowlers caused a lot of comment in both countries and roused Bradman's own suspicions. Pakistan's Batsman Made Fastest Century On 24 Balls. [20], Bradman decided that his chances for Test selection would be improved by moving to Sydney for the 192829 season, when England were to tour in defence of the Ashes. [99] England batted first and made 223. Family Life Bradman first met Jessie Martha Menzies in 1920 when she boarded with the Bradman family, to be closer to school in Bowral. To use this feature, use a newer browser. Please check your email and click on the link to activate your account. 0 cemeteries found in Pasadena, Mitcham City, South Australia, Australia. He "used the crease" by either coming metres down the wicket to drive, or playing so far back that his feet ended up level with the stumps when playing the cut, hook or pull. [171], After his wife's death in 1997, Bradman suffered "a discernible and not unexpected wilting of spirit". Shahid Afridi Fastest Century in 37 Balls - Shahid Afridi World Record 100 off 37 Balls. The improving Australians did manage to win the Fifth and final Test. [8], On 19 November 2009, Sir Donald Bradman was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. Jack Fingleton speculated that had the decision at Brisbane gone against him, Bradman would have retired, such were his fitness problems. An apologetic Plum Warner entered the Australian dressing room and was rebuked by Woodfull. The 1948 "Invincibles" en route to England. Which memorial do you think is a duplicate of Jessie Bradman (153995264)? With his unwavering concentration and powerful strokes, he set many records and won numerous games for his team. Try again later. He had three sisters and one brother. His weight is 86 kg is now co-vice-captain of the Australia national team altogether formats. 29:18. He scored 6,996 runs in his Test match career, at an average of 99.94 runs. Often called "The Don", he was a batsman.He is widely acknowledged as the greatest batsmen of all time. On that day, he expressed his wish to his father, I shall never be satisfied until I play on this ground.. Found more than one record for entered Email, You need to confirm this account before you can sign in. They married at St Paul's Anglican Church at Burwood, Sydney, New South Wales. His batting redefined the game of cricket and his brilliance confounded. The following sources are, respectively, a Miller obituary from 2004, which lists Trumper and Bradman and a further piece from 2005, when Warne's portrait was added. [121] Bradman declined a tour of New Zealand and spent the winter of 1946 wondering whether he had played his last match. Australia won both matches by an innings. Try again. In the first Australian innings, Bradman was bowled first ball. [148] Later in 1974, he attended a Lord's Taverners function in London where he experienced heart problems,[149] which forced him to limit his public appearances to select occasions only. Thanks for using Find a Grave, if you have any feedback we would love to hear from you. Shirley Jane Samuels (born Bradman) was born on month day 1941, at birth place, to Donald George Bradman and Jessie Martha Bradman (born Menzies). Woodfull's remarks (that "there are two teams out there and only one of them is playing cricket") were leaked to the press, and Warner and others attributed this to Fingleton, however for many years (even after Fingleton's death) a bitter war of accusation passed between Fingleton and Bradman as to who was the real source of the leak. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license. It is little wonder that all Australia wanted to know precisely what he was proposing to do.". Shirley Bradman, born in 1941, was born with cerebral palsy. [159] Richie Benaud described Bradman as "a brilliant administrator and businessman", warning that he was not to be underestimated. For some, the prospect of playing under Bradman was daunting, as was the knowledge that he would additionally be sitting in judgment of their abilities in his role as a selector.[85]. [61], The Third Test at the Adelaide Oval proved pivotal. cemeteries found within kilometers of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. Moreover, this beautiful pair is blessed with three children, named John Bradman and Shirley Bradman. Jessie died Lady Jessie Martha Menzies died from cancer at the age 88. He was very close to his wife and her death in 1997 left him shattered. glittering ceremony for slapped presenter Chris Rock, Elon Musk Net Worth 2022: As of 2022, Elon has a Net Worth of $228 billion, CEO of Tesla and the inventor of Space X, and now Twitter. The Art of Cricket, his final book published in 1958, is an instructional manual. [191], Bradman's early development was shaped by the high bounce of the ball on matting-over-concrete pitches. Indeed, in some respects, he was as powerful, persuasive and influential a figure off the ground as he was on it.Mike Coward[158], In the late 1970s, Bradman played an important role during the World Series Cricket schism as a member of a special Australian Cricket Board committee formed to handle the crisis. Becoming a Find a Grave member is fast, easy and FREE. is 10,000. Bradman top-scored with 123 in the first innings, and was at the wicket in the second innings when his captain Jack Ryder hit the winning runs. [7] Their second child (John, born in 1939) caught poliomyelitis, a serious virus disease. Szobrot . My one idea when going into bat was to make runs for Australia."[46]. India cricket legend MS Dhoni announced his retirement from international competition on Saturday, marking the top to his 16-year career with the India National Team. A team of cricketers whose respect and loyalty were unquestioned, who would regard me in a fatherly sense and listen to my advice, follow my guidance and not question my handling of affairs there are no longer any fears that they will query the wisdom of what you do. [97] Rain completely washed out the Third Test at Manchester. Controversy emerged as early as the first day of the series. Pat is a slim body with a height of 6 feet 4 inches tall. Bradman finished his career with 29 centuries in 80 Test innings, a level of efficiency unmatched in cricket. [7] Bradman's image has appeared on postage stamps and coins, and he was the first living Australian to have a museum dedicated to his life. [78] The hospital could not deal with the number of donors, and closed its switchboard in the face of the avalanche of telephone calls generated by the news. A system error has occurred. Journalists were asked by their editors to prepare obituaries. By continuing to use this website, you agree to our cookie and, Don Bradman Height, Weight, Age, Body Statistics, Analyn Barro Height, Weight, Age, Body Statistics, Nat Sciver-Brunt Height, Weight, Age, Body Statistics, Naveen Chandra Height, Weight, Age, Body Statistics, Rachel Javier Height, Weight, Age, Body Statistics, Deb Smikle Height, Weight, Age, Body Statistics, Natalie Buffett Height, Weight, Age, Body Statistics. He played Test cricket for 20 years and retired in He loved playing cricket from a young age. He was criticised for not airing an opinion, but he dealt with World Series Cricket far more pragmatically than other administrators. [116] Bradman moved quickly to set up his own business, utilizing Hodgetts' client list and his old office in Grenfell Street, Adelaide. [100] For the only time in his life, the tension of the occasion got to Bradman and he could not watch the closing stages of play, a reflection of the pressure that he felt all tour: he described the captaincy as "exhausting" and said he "found it difficult to keep going". Include gps location with grave photos where possible. Jessie Martha Menzies: Mini Bio (1) Jessie Bradman was born on June 11, 1909 in Bowral, New South Wales, Australia. He hated the constant adulation, however, and it affected how he dealt with others. With the English team due to arrive for the Ashes series, the media and the public were anxious to know if Bradman would lead Australia. In the Test matches, he scored 226 (277 minutes), 112 (155 minutes), 2 and 167 (183 minutes); his 299 not out in the Fourth Test, at Adelaide, set a new record for the highest score in a Test in Australia. Sir Donald George Bradman AC (27 August 1908 25 February 2001) was an Australian cricketer. [1], Bradman's name has become an archetypal name for outstanding excellence, both within cricket and in the wider world. [27] His highest score of the tour (187) came against Essex, when Australia compiled a world record of 721 runs in a day. Nora Fatehi FIFA performance videos recently go viral at the FIFA World Cup 2022 with her squad. The effort of the lengthy innings stretched Bradman's reserves of energy, and he did not play again until the Fifth Test at The Oval, the match that would decide the Ashes.[76]. Flowers added to the memorial appear on the bottom of the memorial or here on the Flowers tab. Against Wingello, a team that included the future Test bowler Bill O'Reilly, Bradman made 234. Wife of Sir Donald Bradman Gallery On the centenary of his birth, 27 August 2008, the Royal Australian Mint issued a $5 commemorative gold coin with his image. Don Bradman was the youngest Australian to hit a century, Don Bradman (second from the right, middle row) with the 1930 team, Bradman with his Wm. This account has been disabled. We encourage you to . Eulogies were given by Richie Benaud and Governor-General Sir William Deane. Bradman still holds the following significant records for Test match cricket: Template:Test cricket batting averages His boss presented him with an ultimatum: he could have only one week away from work, and therefore had to choose between the two sports. Seemingly restored to full health, Bradman blazed two centuries in the last two games of the tour.
Four Falls Of Buffalo Trailer, How To Add Postgresql Dependency In Gradle, Netball Superleague Salaries Uk, Articles J